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Nutrition y 2 Exam 2 > Fertility, Mens health and urinary system > Flashcards

Fertility, Mens health and urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ureters?

A

propel urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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2
Q

What is the urethra?

A

emerges from the end of penis and between cliltoris and vagina in females

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3
Q

What are the 6 functions of the urinary system?

A

excretion of metabolic waste, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, regular acid-base balance, produce hormones, regulation of arterial pressure, gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

What are the 4 products of metabolic waste?

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin

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5
Q

How does the kidney regulate acid-base balanced?

A

excreting acid, regulates body fluid buffer system

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6
Q

What is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

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7
Q

Why is cystitis so prevalent in women?

A

short length of urethra so bacteria or pathogens will travel to female bladder easily

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8
Q

What are some risk factors of cystitis?

A

sexual activity, douching and washing use (tampon use), diabetes (high sugar = more chance of infection), pregnancy, recent antibiotic use (affect health microflora), immunosupression

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9
Q

What does incomplete voiding of bladder mean?

A

the bladder pools in and urine accumulates there which can cause infection

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10
Q

What are 5 symptoms of cystitis?

A

dysuria, urinary frequency, bladder fullness, suprapubic tenderness, blood in urine, flank pain, fevers, chills and malaise (infection)

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11
Q

How can cystitis be diagnosed?

A

dipstick, urinalysis, culture, infected urine (high levels of white blood cells and low-grade proteinuria

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12
Q

What is the red flag for cystitis?

A

fever, chills, vomiting, nausea, lower back pain

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13
Q

What is the orthodox treatment?

A

antibiotics

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14
Q

How does cranberry help with cystitis?

A

binds to the E-Coli and prevents it from binding to the bladder wall (anti-adhesion activity); prevents adhesion of type 1 and p-fimbriae strains (E-coli) to urothelium

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15
Q

What are 5 nutritional therapy actions for cystitis?

A

Eliminates refined food, caffeine, alcohol, sugar
Avoid sexual activity
Drink plenty of fluids
reduce pro-inflammatory food
Emphasise food high in anti-inflammatory EFA (oily fish), address contraceptive and tampon use.

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16
Q

What is the contraindication for cranberry?

A

stomach distress, diarrhoea or increase risk of kidney stones (caution with anti-coangulates, blood thinning med or meds affecting liver or aspirin)

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17
Q

What is a sugar which also is anti-adhesion (prevents E-coli from binding to bladder wall) for cystitis? What are 2 food sources?

A

D-mannose

blackcurrants, redcurrants

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18
Q

What is interstitial cystitis?

A

Chronic inflammatory condition of bladder wall

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19
Q

How is interstitial cystitis diagnosed?

A

1- chronic bladder irritation
2-characteristic findings on cystoscopy of glomerulations (small haemorrhages)
3- lack of any other causes for the symptoms and evidence of bladder compromised

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20
Q

How can leaky bladder urothelium cause inflammation and pain?

A

there is problem with glycoaminoglycan layer of the bladder epithelium which results in an increased permeability of potassium into bladder wall causing inflammation and pain

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21
Q

How are food sensitivities linked to IC? What can you do for food allergies?

A

food sensitivities increase inflammation so eliminating food sensitivities reduces inflammation and repeated ingestion of a food allergen could easily explain the chronic interstitial cystitis

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22
Q

What foods need to be avoided with IC?

A

tomatoes, alcohol, smoking, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, soda, citrus, juices, chilli, spicy food

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23
Q

What nutrients need to be increased for IC?

A

Arginine - NO production, chondroitin sulphate + glucosamine (repair muscosal damage), MSM (anti-inflammatory), quercetin (inhibits histamine release)

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24
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

store and secrete a clear, slightly basic fluid that constitutes 1/3 of vol of semen

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25
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

an infection or inflammation of prostate gland

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

urological - increase freq of urination, pain in testicles, problems ejaculating, infection from urinary tract, blood in urine, nocturne, fever with chills, recurrent infections

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of prostatitis?

A

chronic nonbacterial - abnormally high inflammatory cells
prostadynia -non-bacteria but does not contain inflammatory cells
acute bacteria - life threatening
chronic bacteria - reoccurs, difficult to cure

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28
Q

What are 4 risk factors of prostatitis?

A

UTI in past, indwelling urinary catheter, prostate biopsy, STI, HIV, functional problem with urinary tract, anal sex, pelvic injury

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29
Q

What is the diagnosis of prostatitis?

A

urine analysis, digital rectal examination

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30
Q

What can be done nutritionally for prostatitis?

A 
quercetin - improve symptoms
low zinc is common in prostatitis
lycopene + olive oil 
Saw palmetto - herb for urinary issue
Serenoa repens + selenium+ lycopene
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31
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

non-malignant neoplasms causes hypertrophy of prostate gland

32
Q

What are some symptoms of BPH?

A

enlarge prostate causes increase frequency, urgency, reduce force in urination with nocturne and reduce sexual function

33
Q

What is testosterone converted to affect the prostate?

A

DHT - dihydrotestosterone by enzymes 5-alpha-reductase

34
Q

How can DHT be increased?

A

decreased rate of removal and increases the activity of the enzymes 5-alpha-reductase

35
Q

What increases aromatase levels?

A

increased age, fat mass, insulin, alcohol intake, prostaglandin levels, cytokines, growth factors

36
Q

What is the diagnosis of BPH?

A

digital rectal examine, urine and blood test, PSA

37
Q

how does increased activity help BPH?

A

increase activity (increases blood flow to area, removes waste, decreases sympathetic stress responses, reduce excess abdominal weight)

38
Q

What other nutritional therapy aims can be for BPH?

A

avoid pesticides (organic food), increase fruit and vege, increase zinc (inhibit 5-alpha reductase that converts to DHT), increase omega 3 EFA (anti-inflammatory), decrease coffee (HPA stimulus), low fat, high vegetable and protein diet, reduce drinks containing alcohol, caffeine, fizzy drinks

39
Q

What supplements can be done for BPH?

A

vit D - reduce risk of BPH and reduce prostate cancer risk
selenium - lower with BPH
Serenoa repens + lycopene+ selenium + tamsulosin (increase urinary flow and improve prostate symptoms), beta-sitosterol (improves BPH and increases urinary flow), lycopene - inhibit 5-alpha-reductase)

40
Q

What are some food example of beta-sitosterol?

A

rice bran, wheat germ, corn oil, soybeans, peanuts, serenoa repens, avocados, pumpkin seeds, cashew fruit

41
Q

What is the definition of infertility?

A

infertility is the lack of pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

42
Q

What does normal reproduction require?

A
  1. The release of a healthy, non damaged egg
  2. The production of sperm with adequate motility, DNA material and morphology
  3. Adequate transport of the sperm and the egg to the fallopian tubes (where
    fertilisation occurs).
  4. The transport of the cleaving embryo up to the endometrial cavity
  5. Implantation of the embryo into a healthy uterus lining
  6. Normal development of the embryo into a foetus
43
Q

What are 5 factors which cause infertility in males and females?

A

environmental/occupational factors, toxic effects of tobacco, or drugs, excessive exercise, inadequate diet associated with extreme weight loss or gain, advanced age

44
Q

What are the causes of male infertility?

A

abnormal sperm count or quality, number of sperm in ejaculate

45
Q

What is Azoospremia

A

complete absence of living sperm in semen

46
Q

What are the causes of sperm difficulties?

A

diabetes (retrograde ejaculation), obesity (reduced sperm conc because testosterone is converted to oestrogen more), sickle cell disease (testicular ischaemia), chronic kidney disease (hypogonadism), genetics, haemochromatosis (hypogonadism), STDs, infections (viral), stress and truma - increase cortisol causes suppresses reproduction, lubricants (spermotoxic), testicular cancer, testicular torsion and trauma, drugs (decreases sperm production), pesticides (oestrogen like effect), heavy metals (lead), heat exposure (decreases spermatocyte maturation), excessive oxidation, excessive use of alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, recreational drugs

47
Q

What are 5 nutrients for sperm count?

A

CoQ10, EFAs, selenium, folate, zinc

48
Q

What are 2 nutrients for sperm motility?

A

selenium, L-carnitine

49
Q

What are 5 nutrients for sperm morphology?

A

A C E ZInc and selenium

50
Q

What to do in terms of nutritional therapy for male infertility?

A

high in antioxidants (vit C and E), zinc, fish oil, selenium, co Q10, test for heavy metal toxicity, folate (reduce DNA damage), caffein intake (negatively affect male reproductive), obesity (increases testicular temp, alter HPG axis), use of spermototoxic lubricants, limit testicular damage (minimise cycling, tight jeans etc)

51
Q

How can cervical mucus be altered and therefore cause infertility?

A

hormonal changes, medication, surgical procedures, infections, hypoestrogenism and radiation therapy, smoking decreases cervical mucus

52
Q

How can sodium chloride affect cervical mucus?

A

increase conc of NaCl causes the mucus to become thin, watery, alkaline, acellular, elastic(this is what we want for ovulation)

53
Q

What are some causes of infertility generally?

A

excessive radiation, heavy metal exposure, smoking, marijuana, chronic alcoholism, caffeine is involved with lower rates of fertilisation, air pollution (decreases sperm count in males), pesticides and endocrine disruptors (decreases fertility), cell phone usage (decreases motility and sperm viability

54
Q

Explain why obesity is a cause of infertility?

A

reduced sperm quality in males, an ovulation and oligomenorrhoea in women, obesity causes more oxidative markers, obese women have a high rate of miscarriage, increase insulin, TG causes a decrease of SHBG

55
Q

How does exercise affect fertility?

A

increase exercise for obesity and insulin resistance but excessive exercise stimulates endorphins which interferes with FSH and LH and oligospermia in males

56
Q

How does stress affect fertility?

A

increases infertility because it reduces testosterone, LH, disrupts gonadal function and reduce sperm parameters
Reducing anxiety and depression to increase chance of pregnancy

57
Q

What is methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase?

A

MTHFR is a folate-metabolism enzymes requires riboflavin as a cofactor

58
Q

How does excessive oxidation affect fertility?

A

excessive oxidation has increased the risk of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia

59
Q

What are some major sources of oxidation?

A

dietary, environmental, caffeine, smoking, obesity and alcohol

60
Q

What nutrient is an anti-oxidant used in spermatozoa?

A

glutathione

61
Q

What tests should be done for fertility?

A

thyroid, glucose, insulin resistance, CRP, hormonal testing

62
Q

Explain what AMH is a marker for.

A

AMH is produced by granulosa cells of follicles so a reduction of AMH shows a decline in follicular reserve of ovaries

63
Q

What is the orthodox treatment for infertility?

A

IVF, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

64
Q

What are medical treatment plans for infertility based on?

A

diagnosis, duration of infertility, and womans age

65
Q

How long ahead is preconception care?

A

3 months ahead

66
Q

What is the overview plan for PCC?

A

optimise nutrition, reduce risk factors (smoking, caffeine, alcohol), reduce hormone exposure, minimise environmental pollutant risk factors, identify allergens, identify and correct dysbiosis, address stress

67
Q

What do you need to focus on when optimising nutrition for PCC?

A

high intakes of fish, garlic, nuts, vegetables, B12 and folate; protein intake is good, vegetable protein mostly, iron and folate status needs to a focus because it is linked to poor birth outcomes,

68
Q

Why is DHA and PUFA levels important?

A

diet low in DHA and PUFA are linked to infertility and increased risk of psychopathology

69
Q

Why is vit A important for PCC?

A

foetal tissue growth and maintenance, cell differentiation, embryogenesis

70
Q

Why can we not supplement vit A to pregnant women?

A

teratogenic - disturb development of embryo or fetus

71
Q

What happens with zinc deficiency and pregnant women?

A

impairs learning and memory; reduce NMDA receptor expression which creates plasticity changes in the brain

72
Q

Why is magnesium important for pregnancy?

A

regulates body temp, protein synthesis and deficiency of it can lead to higher blood pressure and elevate plasma nitrate

73
Q

Why is thyroid function important for pregnancy?

A

can affect infant development so make sure there is adequate iodine and selenium

74
Q

What can stress to do the infant in pregnancy?

A

prolonged stress leaads to amygdala hyperfunction, decreased hippocampus and doperminergic system, and hyper activation of HPA acid which can suppress growth, reproductive, thyroid and immune functions.

75
Q

What happens just before ovulation?

A

BMR rate drops due to extra progesterone,

Nutrition y 2 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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