Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards

Question

What is an oblique fracture?

Answer 1

A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.

Answer 2

The bone is shattered into three or more pieces.

Answer 3

The bone is broken in two places, creating a segment between the breaks.

Answer 4

A partial break in the bone where one side bends and the other side breaks kids bones are stronger / more resilient

Answer 5

Bone is crushed (common in vertebrae).

Answer 6

necrosis of damaged cells = inflammatory response = fibroblasts produce collagen (and CT) at site = formation of collagen bundles = increase in tensile strength

Answer 7

bands of fibrous CT that connect bones to other bones

Answer 8

cords of fibrous CT, formed from the sheath surrounding tisses connect muscles to bones

Answer 9

The bone breaks through the skin, increasing infection risk.

Answer 10

The bone breaks but does not pierce the skin.

Answer 11

location (proximal, midshaft, distal) direction (transvere, linear, oblique, spiral) type (displaced, communities, greenstick)

Answer 12

sudden (MVA, fall, trauma) stress (overuse or overwork) pathologic (osteoporosis)

Answer 13

bone is broken all the way through

Answer 14

bone is damaged but in one piece

Answer 15

(first 1 - 2 days) Hematoma Formation – Bleeding at the fracture site forms a blood clot (fibrin wall seals of fx site) and starts inflammation.

Answer 16

Inflammation/Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation – new capillaries at the fx site are organized and form a procallus then ... Fibroblasts and chondroblasts create collagen and cartilage to bridge the bone connected but weak and lack stability

Answer 17

(3 - 4 weeks after) Reparative phase/Bony Callus Formation – Osteoblasts form spongy bone, converting the soft callus into hard bone. heals from outside in

Answer 18

Bone Remodeling – Woven(spongy) bone is removed by osteoclasts and are replaced with strong lamellar (compact) bone, restoring original shape and strength

Answer 19

A fracture that takes longer than expected to heal due to poor blood supply, infection, or instability.

Answer 20

The bone heals in an abnormal position, usually from improper alignment during healing

Answer 21

The bone ends fail to unite completely, often due to trauma, infection, or poor nutrition

Answer 22

CP SOB low grade fever Respiratory distress Petechial rash Confusion or seizures Tachycardia

Answer 23

fat globules (from bone marrow) enter the bloodstream, possibly lodging in lungs or brain after LONG bone fracture

Answer 24

A serious condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment compromises circulation and nerve function, potentially leading to tissue death.

Answer 25

Fractures (especially long bones) Crush injuries Tight casts or bandages Severe burns Prolonged limb compression (e.g., during surgery)

Answer 26

Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paresthesia (tingling/numbness) Paralysis Poikilothermia (cool limb)

Answer 27

Severe, unrelenting pain (out of proportion to injury) Pain on passive stretch of the muscle Tense, swollen compartment

Answer 28

Pressure builds up inside a closed muscle compartment d/t fascia Blood flow is reduced, leading to ischemia Nerves and muscles begin to die if pressure isn’t relieved quickly

Answer 29

A bone infection, most often caused by bacteria (commonly Staphylococcus aureus), leading to inflammation, bone destruction, and necrosis

Answer 30

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 31

Bacteria enter bone and proliferate → trigger inflammatory response Pus forms and increases pressure within bone Leads to vascular compromise and necrosis Formation of sequestrum (dead bone) and involucrum (new bone around infected area)

Answer 32

Open fractures or trauma Surgical contamination (e.g., orthopedic implants) Hematogenous spread (bacteria from bloodstream infects bone) Diabetic foot ulcers or chronic wounds

Answer 33

New bone formation that surrounds the area of infection/sequestrum.

Answer 34

A piece of dead bone that has become separated from healthy bone due to infection

Answer 35

Fever and chills Localized bone pain Swelling, redness, and warmth over site Drainage (in chronic cases) Limited range of motion near affected area

Answer 36

benign have smooth edges Malignant are poorly defined and lack borders

Answer 37

An abnormal growth of tissue, which may be benign or malignant. In bone, neoplasms can originate in the bone (primary) or spread from another site (metastatic)

Answer 38

During adolescence (due to rapid bone growth) In older adults (especially metastatic bone disease)

Answer 39

A malignant bone tumor common in adolescents, often affecting the long bones (femur, tibia). It's aggressive and may metastasize to the lungs.

Answer 40

common: osteosarcoma (75% under 20 yr) lethal (in kids and YAs): ewing sarcoma

Answer 41

Teenagers and young adults, especially during growth spurts

Answer 42

deep, localized, persistent localized bone pain nighttime awakening (worse pain) Swelling or mass over the bone Decreased function or range of motion Possible fracture

Answer 43

A highly malignant tumor found in children and young adults, often affecting the pelvis, femur, or long bones. Associated with a chromosomal translocation.

Answer 44

Bone pain Fever and fatigue Swelling and warmth at tumor site Leukocytosis and elevated ESR May mimic infection

Answer 45

Ewing Sarcoma: * More common in children and young teens * Affects pelvis and central long bones * Presents with pain + systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue) * Responsive to radiation and chemo * Associated with chromosomal translocation (t11;22) Osteosarcoma: * More common in teens and young adults * Affects ends of long bones (e.g., femur, tibia) * Presents with localized bone pain and swelling * Treated with surgery and chemo (less sensitive to radiation) * Often linked to bone growth spurts or genetic factors

Answer 46

A metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and density (loss of mineralized bone), leading to fragile bones and increased fracture risk

Answer 47

Aging gender (women) hyperparathyroidism Postmenopausal estrogen loss diet: Low calcium and vitamin D intake, low salt Sedentary lifestyle Long-term corticosteroid use Alcohol, smoking, steroids, excess caffeine Genetic predisposition

Answer 48

Bone resorption (breakdown) exceeds bone formation, resulting in porous, weak, thin bones with decreased structural integrity.

Answer 49

Fragility fractures (especially spine, hip, wrist) Loss of height Kyphosis (hunched back) Back pain and deformity Decreased mobility in severe cases

Answer 50

osteomalacia

Answer 51

A bone disorder in adults where bones become soft due to defective mineralization, typically from vitamin D and Ca deficiency.

Answer 52

Vitamin D deficiency Malabsorption of Ca, PO, and vit D (e.g., celiac disease) Chronic kidney or liver disease Certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants) Lack of sunlight exposure

Answer 53

Inadequate vitamin D → ↓ calcium and phosphate absorption Impaired bone mineralization → bones are soft, weak, and more prone to deformity

Answer 54

Bone pain and tenderness (especially hips, lower back) Muscle weakness Fractures with minimal trauma Difficulty walking or waddling gait Fatigue and generalized discomfort

Answer 55

A chronic bone disorder characterized by excessive bone turnover, resulting in abnormal bone formation and weak, deformed bones.

Answer 56

The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic factors (e.g., mutations in SQSTM1 gene) and possibly viral infections that affect bone metabolism

Answer 57

Excessive osteoclastic activity leads to increased bone resorption Abnormal/disorganized osteoblast activity creates disorganized new bone The bone becomes thickened and weakened, leading to deformities and fragility.

Answer 58

Pelvis Spine Skull Long bones (femur, tibia)

Answer 59

Bone pain (often in spine, pelvis, or long bones) Deformities (e.g., bowed legs, enlarged skull) (expansion and distortion) Fractures due to weakened bone Hearing loss (due to involvement of the skull and ear bones) Headaches and dizziness Arthritis (secondary to abnormal joint stresses) Cardiovascular disease: aortic stenosis

Answer 60

Osteoarthritis from abnormal joint stresses Fractures due to weakened bone Hearing loss (from skull involvement) High-output heart failure (rare, due to increased blood flow in affected bones) high risk for osteogenic sarcomas

Answer 61

lubricates joints maintain joint stability

Answer 62

smooth weight bearing low friction (w synovial fluid) decreases mechanical stress on bone

Answer 63

An autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the synovium (lining of the joints), leading to inflammation, pain, and eventual joint destruction.

Answer 64

Genetic predisposition (HLA-DR4 gene) Environmental triggers (e.g., infections, smoking) Autoimmune response where the body mistakenly attacks its own joints

Answer 65

Immune system attacks the synovium, causing inflammation = immune complex formation = thick synovial membrane = accumulation of inflammatory cells The inflammation releases enzymes that damage cartilage and bone. Over time, this leads to joint deformities, loss of function, and potential systemic involvement (e.g., lungs, eyes).

Answer 66

Morning stiffness (lasting >30 minutes) Joint swelling, pain, and warmth Symmetrical joint involvement (e.g., wrists, knees, hands) Fatigue (aches and pains) Rheumatoid nodules (firm lumps under the skin) Systemic symptoms like fever, weight loss, anorexia, anemia

Answer 67

Aging Wear and tear on joints Obesity (increased joint stress) Joint injuries or previous trauma Genetics Gender (more common in women)

Answer 68

Cartilage degenerates due to wear and tear, leading to bone-on-bone contact. Synovial inflammation (thickening) formation of osteophytes (bone spurs). Joint space narrowing and loss of motion.

Answer 69

Joint pain, especially with movement or use Morning stiffness (usually resolves after 30 minutes) Crepitus (grating sound when moving the joint) Joint swelling (especially in the knee, hip, or hands) Decreased range of motion Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes (bony nodules in the fingers)

Answer 70

A chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to fusion of the spine over time.

Answer 71

The exact cause is unknown, but it is strongly linked to the genetic marker HLA-B27, suggesting an autoimmune component.

Answer 72

immune response to antigen Inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints causes pain and stiffness. Over time, inflammation leads to fibrosis and ossification (bone formation), resulting in the fusion of joints, which severely limits movement.

Answer 73

Low back pain and stiffness (worsens in the morning) Reduced spinal flexibility and spinal fusion Pain and swelling in the hips, shoulders, and other joints stooped posture Fatigue and systemic symptoms Uveitis (inflammation of the eye) may also occur

Answer 74

A type of arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints and kidney, leading to inflammation, redness, and pain.

Answer 75

Hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid) in the blood Diet (foods high in purines, like red meat and shellfish) Genetics (family history) Renal issues (impaired uric acid excretion

Answer 76

Uric acid builds up in the blood, forming crystals that deposit in joints (especially the big toe). The body reacts to the crystals with inflammation, leading to intense pain and swelling.

Answer 77

Sudden, severe joint pain (often in the big toe, but can affect other joints like knees, elbows, and wrists) Redness and swelling of the affected joint Warmth around the joint Tophi (lumps of uric acid crystals under the skin, often in chronic cases)

Answer 78

A genetic disorder commonly known as "brittle bone disease", characterized by fragile bones that fracture easily, often with minimal trauma.

Answer 79

Mutations in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes, which impair the production of type I collagen, a key component of bone, skin, and connective tissues.

Answer 80

The impaired collagen synthesis leads to brittle bones that fracture easily. Type I collagen abnormalities affect not just bones but also connective tissues, leading to other features like blue sclera and dentinogenesis imperfecta.

Answer 81

Frequent fractures (with minimal trauma) Blue sclera (bluish tint to the whites of the eyes) Hearing loss Dental problems (dentinogenesis imperfecta) Short stature Bone deformities (curved bones or bowing)

Answer 82

Mildest form with fractures occurring after minor trauma. Normal life expectancy. Blue sclera (tint in the whites of the eyes). Hearing loss in early adulthood.

Answer 83

Most severe form, usually fatal in utero or shortly after birth. Multiple fractures present at birth, often leading to bone deformities and respiratory problems.

Answer 84

Severe form with frequent fractures and bone deformities. Short stature and blue sclera at birth, but sclera may change to a more normal color with age. Progressive deformities leading to severe disability

Answer 85

Moderate severity; fractures occur later in childhood. Normal sclera (whites of the eyes are normal). Short stature, but better mobility than Types II and III.

Answer 86

A childhood condition characterized by avascular necrosis of the femoral head, where interrupted blood supply leads to bone death and potential deformity.

Answer 87

The exact cause is unknown, but it may involve trauma, coagulation disorders, or genetic predisposition, leading to a disruption in blood flow to the femoral head

Answer 88

The interruption of blood flow to the femoral head causes bone necrosis leading to bone resorption Over time, this process may result in deformity of the femoral head if not properly managed.

Answer 89

Limping (often painless at first) Hip, thigh, or knee pain Limited range of motion in the hip joint Muscle wasting in the upper thigh due to disuse

Answer 90

It primarily affects boys aged 4–8 years

Answer 91

Repetitive stress from activities like running and jumping, common in active adolescents during their growth spurts.

Answer 92

The stress on the patellar tendon pulls on the tibial tubercle causing inflammation and microfractures at the growth plate of the tibia.

Answer 93

Pain and swelling below the kneecap Pain worsens with activity (especially running and jumping) Tenderness over the tibial tuberosity A visible bump may form at the tibial tubercle

Answer 94

It commonly affects active adolescents, especially boys aged 10–15 during growth spurts

Answer 95

A lateral curvature of the spine, often with rotational deformity, leading to an abnormal spine shape

Answer 96

Idiopathic (unknown cause, most common) Congenital (due to abnormal vertebral development) Neuromuscular (associated with conditions like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy)

Answer 97

Uneven growth of the spine or muscle imbalances lead to an abnormal spinal curvature. In idiopathic cases, genetics may play a role.

Answer 98

Uneven shoulders or hips One shoulder blade more prominent than the other Asymmetrical waist or rib hump Back pain (in severe cases) Respiratory issues (if the curve is extreme)