EXAM 3: Pathophysiology

Distinguish the pathophysiology, causes, and manifestations of brain injury such as ischemia, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, and brain herniation. Discuss the etiology and manifestations of primary and secondary traumatic brain injuries. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Discuss the causes and manifestations of focal and generalized seizures. Compare and contrast the causes and manifestations of meningitis and encephalitis.

Describe the pathophysiology, causes, and manifestations of muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis. Compare and contrast the causes and manifestations of peripheral nerve disorders of carpal tunnel, Guillain-Barre syndrome, back pain, herniated intervertebral disk. Differentiate the causes and manifestations of selected UMN and LMN disorders including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis. Discuss the causes and manifestations of vertebral and spinal cord injuries.

Differentiate among musculoskeletal disorders such as soft tissue injuries, joint injuries, fractures, and infections. Explain the process of bone healing and the pathophysiology of impaired bone healing. Compare and contrast the etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of metabolic bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout. Describe skeletal disorders in children suc

Discuss the pathophysiology of pain and distinct types of headaches. Differentiate causes and manifestations of selected disorders of the eye including conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, retinal detachment, and macular degeneration. Describe causes and manifestations of selected disorders of the ear including otitis media and hearing loss. Discuss the pathophysiology and manifestations of the vestibular system including vertigo, motion sickness, and Meniere disease.

Differentiate between the causes and manifestations of selected disorders of the esophagus (dysphagia, GERD, hiatal hernia), stomach (peptic ulcer disease, acute and chronic gastritis), and small and large intestines (constipation and diarrhea). Discuss nutritional disorders and their relationship to the GI system. Differentiate the pathophysiology, etiologies, and manifestations of obstructive (intestinal obstruction), inflammatory (Crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, peritonitis

Distinguish the pathophysiology causes, and manifestations of jaundice, liver failure, and cirrhosis. Describe the physiological basis for portal hypertension and relate it to the development of ascites, esophageal varices, and splenomegaly. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology, causes, and manifestations of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Describe the pathophysiology, causes, and manifestations of acute and chronic pancreatitis.

Describe the pathophysiology, causes, and manifestations of disorders of glomerular function (e.g. acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and chronic glomerulonephritis); obstructive disorders (e.g. hydronephrosis, renal calculi, and urinary tract infections); and malignant tumors of the kidney (e.g. nephroblastoma and renal cell carcinoma). Compare and contrast pathophysiology, etiology, and manifestations of acute and chronic kidney disease. Recognize differences in et

Distinguish the pathophysiology and manifestations of disorders of the male reproductive glands: - Penis: congenital, acquired, and erectile disorders; - Scrotum & Testes: congenital, acquired, infections, and neoplasms; - Prostate: infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and cancer Outline the pathophysiology and manifestations of disorders of the female reproductive glands: - External genitalia & vagina: Bartholin gland, epithelial disorders, vaginitis, and cancer; - Cervix & uterus: