Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryology Exam 2- ADP > Musculoskeletal Development I > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Development I Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal tissue is ______ in origin

A

Mesenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures do the Mesodermal scletotomes (of somites) give rise to?

A

Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures do the Lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Limb bones

Girdles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structures do the head of the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Calvaria and base of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, what promotes mesenchymal cells to undergo condensation (grouping together/clumping)?

A

N-Cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, ______ stimulates the synthesis of fibronectin and N-CAM

A

TGF-Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, the membranous pathway requires what transcription factors?

If they go through this pathway, what do mesenchymal cell become?

A

Runx-2
Osx

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, for the permanent cartilage pathway what does mesenchymal condensation form?

A

Chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, for th epermanent cartilage pathway what are the affects of Sox9?

A

Causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen II and cartilage matrix

Is continuously expressed in permanent cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, for the endochondral bone pathway what 3 factors induce the cartilage to undergo hypertrophy?

A

Runx-2
Indian Hedgehog (Ihh)
BMP-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During the Bone/Cartilage differentiation pathway, for the endochondral bone pathway what do hypertrophic cartilage cells secrete?

A

VEGF- Vascular endothelial growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of VEGF?

A

Invading blood vessels erode the hypertrophic acrtilage and bring osteoblasts to replace cartilage with bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What parts of the vertebra are the centrum derived from?

A

Ventral and medial parts of paired sclerotomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What parts of the vertebra are the neural arches derived from?

A

Dorsal regions of the sclerotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does proximal development of costal processes/ribs depend on?

A

Myotomic myogenic factors Myf-5 and Myf-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does distal development of costal processes/ribs depend on?

A

BMP signals from somatopleural mesoderm

17
Q

Describe the Atlas bone

A

It is the first cervical vertebral bone

Your world is in your head and this bone holds your head up, hence the greek mythological man Atlas holding up the world

Allows for the yes movement

18
Q

Describe the Axis bone

A

It is the second cervical vertebral bone

Allows for you to turn you head in the no direction

19
Q

Describe the development of the sternum in terms of where it is derived from

A

Derived from the lateral plate mesoderm

20
Q

Where do clavicles arise from?

A

Neural crest

21
Q

What pathway do clavicles develop from?

A

Intramembranous pathway

22
Q

What is the one of the first bones to become ossified?

A

Clavicles

23
Q

What are the 3 major components of the embryonic skull components?

A
  • Neurocranium
  • Viscerocranium
  • Occipital Sclerotomes
24
Q

Describe the Neurocranium of the embryonic skull

A

Part of the skull that surrounds the brain

25
Q

What are the 2 portions of the Neurocranium

A
  • Cartilaginous portion- Forms the base of the skull

- Membranous portion

26
Q

What does the cartilaginous Neurocranium give rise to?

A

-Occipital, phenoid, ethmoid, and parts of the temporal

27
Q

What does the membranous Neurocranium give rise to?

A

-Part of the occipital, parietals, frontals, and parts of the temporal

28
Q

What does the Viscerocranium surround?

A
  • The oral cavity and pharynx

- Viscerocranium refers to the pharyngeal arches

29
Q

Elongation of primary ossification centers is due to _____

A

Shh

30
Q

What are Neurocranium bones characterized by?

A

A transient appearance of type II collagen and cartilage specific proteoglycan

31
Q

What causes the closure of sutures (portion between bones in the skull)

A

The inhibition of Noggin on BMP

32
Q

Differentiate the Hox gene boundaries for the different regions of the vertebral column.

A

Occipital-Cervical Boundary- Hox3
Cervical-thoracic Boundary- Hox6
Attached Floating Ribs- Hox9

33
Q

What is the relationship of Hox gene expression and the development of the vertebral column?

A

Amount of Hox Expression

Occipital < Caudal < Sacral < Lumbar < Cervical < Thoracic

34
Q

How does retinoic acid affect the expression of the Hox genes and the development of the vertebral column?

A

Retinoic Acid regulates Hox gene expression by binding to its enhancer sequence to increase expression of Hox

35
Q

What are homeotic transformations?

A

The transformation of one organ into another, arising from a mutation in homeotic genes.

36
Q

What is the primordium for the atlas?

A

Cervical Somites 1 and 2 –> C1 Vertebra –> Atlas

37
Q

What is the primordium for the axis?

A

Cervical Somites 2 and 3 –> C2 Vertebra –> Axis

38
Q

What do pharyngeal arches compose?

A

They are the cartilaginous portions of the viscerocranium

Embryology Exam 2- ADP (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions