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Musculoskeletal System > Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Upper Limb > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

name the 6 types of synovial joints, with an example of each

A 
hinge - elbow joint
ball and socket - hip joint
plane - lamina in vertebrae
ellipsoid - atlas vs skull
pivot - ulna/radius
saddle - thumb
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2
Q

name three examples of fibrous cartilage

A

periodontal ligaments
flat bones of skull
membrane between ulna and radius

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3
Q

what are primary and secondary cartilage joint called, and name an example of each

A

primary - synchondrosis: articular cartilage in long bones

secondary - symphysis: pubic symphysis

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4
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilage joints?

A

primary: only hyaline cartilage
secondary: hyaline + fibrocartilage

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5
Q

name the difference in chondrocyte shape and secretions in the superficial and transitional layers of articular cartilage

A

superficial layer: flat chondrocytes, secrete glycoproteins (lubricin)
transitional layer: round chondrocytes, secrete proteoglycans (aggegan)

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6
Q

how is nutrition delivered to cartilage and waste removed?

A

via synovial fluid

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7
Q

which cells produce synovial fluid?

A

Type B synoviocytes

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8
Q

what is the main function of type A synoviocytes?

A

remove waste

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9
Q

what is the main function of type B synoviocytes?

A

produce synovial fluid

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10
Q

what is synovial fluid composed of?

A
  • fluid from plasma
  • glycoproteins
  • hyaluronic acid
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11
Q

name four functions of synovial fluid

A
  • friction reduction
  • waste removal
  • nutrition to cartilage
  • cushioning
  • lubrication
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12
Q

what changes in characteristics of synovial fluid cause joint damage with age?

A
  • increased viscosity

- decreased water content

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13
Q

what are bursae and where are they found?

A

they are fluid filled cushions found next to joint areas at high risk of friction against ligaments or bone

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14
Q

what encourages synovial fluid to reach the cartilage?

A

lack of an epithelial lining on the synovial membrane

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15
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  • muscolocutaneous nerve
  • axillary nerve
  • radial nerve
  • median nerve
  • ulnar nerve
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16
Q

what are the root values of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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17
Q

what are the 6 branches of the lumbar plexus?

A
  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • iliohypogastric nerve
  • genitofemoral nerve
  • femoral nerve
  • obturator nerve
  • lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
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18
Q

what are the root values of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L5

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19
Q

what are the main branches of the sacral plexus?

A
  • superior gluteal nerve
  • inferior gluteal nerve
  • sciatic nerve
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20
Q

what are the root values of the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

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21
Q

what two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

A

common peroneal nerve

tibial nerve

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22
Q

what nerves supply the lateral, anterior and posterior aspects of the leg?

A

lateral - superficial peroneal nerve
anterior - deep peroneal nerve
posterior - tibial nerve

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23
Q

what nerve supply the anterior, medial and posterior aspects of the thigh?

A

anterior - femoral nerve
medial - obturator nerve
posterior - sciatic nerve

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24
Q

what nerve supplies the posterior aspect of the arm?

A

radial nerve

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25
Q

what are the LOAF muscles, and what nerve are they supplied by?

A
  • lateral two lumbricals
  • opponens pollicis
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
    all supplied by median nerve
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26
Q

which arteries contribute the most to the superficial and deep palmar arch respectively?

A

superficial palmar arch - ulnar artery

deep palmar arch - radial artery

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27
Q

on a specimen, where does the ulnar nerve lie in relation to the ulnar artery?

A

ulnary nerve lies medial to the ulnary artery

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28
Q

in the antecubital fossa, where does the median nerve lie in relation to the brachial artery?

A

median nerve lies medial to the brachial artery

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29
Q

what are the three main flexors of the elbow joint?

A
  • brachioradialis
  • brachialis
  • biceps brachii
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30
Q

what are the three main pronators of the forearm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
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31
Q

what are the two main extensors of the elbow joint?

A
  • triceps brachii

- anconeus

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32
Q

what is the main supinator of the forearm?

A
  • supinator muscle
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33
Q

which muscle receives radial nerve supply despite not being in the posterior compartment?

A

brachioradialis

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34
Q

what are the root values of the ulnar nerve?

A

C8-T1

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35
Q

what are the root values of the median nerve?

A

C5-T1

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36
Q

what are the root values of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-C7

37
Q

what are the root values of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

38
Q

what is the function of the palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles respectively?

A

palmar interosseous - adduction of fingers

dorsal interosseous - abduction of fingers

39
Q

what is the function of the lumbricals?

A

flexion at MCP joints and extension at proximal and distal IP joints

40
Q

what are the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm, and what nerve innervates them?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
    innervated by median nerve except for flexor carpi ulnaris, which is innervated by the ulnar nerve
41
Q

what structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

A
  • median nerve
  • flexor digitorum profundus tendons
  • flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
  • flexor pollicis longus tendon
42
Q

what type of joint is found at the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?

A

synovial pivot joints

43
Q

what type of joint is found at the carpal bones?

A

synovial condylar joints

44
Q

what type of joint is found at the thumb?

A

synovial saddle joint

45
Q

which two carpal bones articulate with the radius in the wrist?

A
  • scaphoid

- lunate

46
Q

name the 8 carpal bones

A
  • scaphoid
  • lunate
  • pisiform
  • triquetrum
  • hamate
  • capitate
  • trapezoid
  • trapezium
47
Q

name the ligaments that support the elbow joint medially and laterally

A

medial collateral ligament

lateral collageral ligament

48
Q

what is the annular ligament?

A

a circular ligament that surrounds the head of the radius and attaches it to the ulna

49
Q

name the borders of the anatomical snuffbox in the hand

A
  • extensor pollicis longus

- abductor pollicis longus/extensor pollicis brevis

50
Q

name the thenar eminence muscles and their innervation

A
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • opponens pollicis
    innervated by median nerve
51
Q

name the hypothenar eminence muscles and their innervation

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
    innervated by ulnar nerve
52
Q

is the ulnar nerve found in the antecubital fossa?

A

no

53
Q

which finger flexor only flexes the fingers at the proximal IP joints?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

54
Q

which finger flexor flexes fingers at the proximal and distal IP joint?

A

flexor digitorum profundus

55
Q

the lumbrical muscles arise from the tendons of which muscle?

A

flexor digitorum profundus

56
Q

damage to which nerve causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

damage to median nerve

57
Q

damage to which brachial plexus trunk causes Klumpke’s palsy? specify the nerve roots involved

A

damage to lower trunk (C8-T1)

58
Q

damage to which brachial plexus trunk causes Erb’s palsy? specify the nerve roots involved

A

damage to upper trunk (C5-C6)

59
Q

what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis on the wrist joint?

A

abduction of wrist

extension of wrist

60
Q

what is another term for wrist adduction and abduction?

A

wrist adduction - ulnar deviation

wrist abduction - radial deviation

61
Q

what is the name of the branch of the radial nerve that innervates the extensor muscles of the forearm?

A

posteriour interosseous nerve

62
Q

which artery passes underneath the anatomical snuff box?

A

radial artery

63
Q

what are the extensor expansions in the fingers, and what muscles attach to them?

A

bands of connective tissue that arise from the extensor digitorum tendon forming a triangular hood
palmar/dorsal interossei, lumbricals and extensor digitorum/indicis attach to the extensor expansions

64
Q

if an xray of a long bone shows an epiphyseal plate, what does that tell you about the patient undergoing the xray?

A

it’s a young person who is still growing

65
Q

inability to move fingers means damage to which nerve?

A

ulnar nerve

66
Q

what are the SITS muscles? name them

A

they are the rotator cuff muscles

  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
67
Q

which three muscles attach to the coracoid process in the scapula?

A
  • coracobrachialis
  • short head of biceps brachii
  • pectoralis minor
68
Q

which teres muscle is part of the rotator cuff?

A

teres minor

69
Q

does the thumb have a proximal interphalangeal joint?

A

no

70
Q

which carpal bones can be felt in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

scaphoid

trapezium

71
Q

why is the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis in proximal scaphoid fractures?

A

because scaphoid receives retrograde blood supply

72
Q

which flexor muscle of the forearm is used as landmark to guide wrist surgery?

A

flexor carpi radialis

73
Q

what is the clinical significance of the palmaris longus?

A

it is used for tendon transfers/grafts

74
Q

how many tendons act on the proximal interphalangeal joints? name them

A

two - flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus

75
Q

how many tendons act on the distal interphalangeal joints? name them

A

one - flexor digitorum profundus

76
Q

what test is used to examine the blood supply of the hand? what does it involve?

A

Allen’s test

compress ulnar and radial artery, then decompress ulnar artery

77
Q

which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

78
Q

which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesse tuberosity of the humerus?

A

subscapularis

79
Q

what are the important functions of the clavicle?

A

stabilise shoulder
protect neurovascular structures underneath
attachment for muscles

80
Q

what are the three main ligaments in the glenohumeral joint which stabilise the joint?

A

superior glenohumeral ligament
middle glenohumeral ligament
inferior glenohumeral ligament

81
Q

what’s the tear called in which the glenohumeral labrum detaches from the glenoid fossa? name the commonest cause of this

A

Bankart lesion

often as a result of an anterior shoulder dislocation

82
Q

what is the nerve supply of the serratus anterior?

A

long thoracic nerve (nerve of Bell)

83
Q

what is the action of the serratus anterior?

A

protraction of the scapula

84
Q

what nerve is often damaged as a result of a shoulder dislocation?

A

axillary nerve

85
Q

name which muscles are involved in abduction of the arm (specify degrees of abduction)

A

supraspinatus - initiation of abduction to 15 degrees
deltois - abduction from 15 to 90 degrees
trapezius and serratus anterior - abduction from 90 to full elevation

86
Q

if the supraspinatus muscle is damaged, what will the patient struggle to do?

A

they will struggle to initiate abduction of their arm

87
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles, and what are their movements

A

teres minor - external rotation, extension
infraspinatus - external rotation, extension
supraspinatus - abduction
subscapularis - internal rotation

88
Q

what is the innervation of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatus - suprascapular nerve
infraspinatus - suprascapular nerve
teres minor - axillary nerve
supscapularis - subscapular nerves (inf and sup)

89
Q

what are the four main joints in the shoulder?

A
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • glenohumeral joint
  • physiological (scapulothoracic) joint

Musculoskeletal System (4 decks)

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