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Musculoskeletal System > Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Lower Limb > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two superficial veins draining the lower leg?

A

great saphenous vein

small saphenous vein

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2
Q

which superficial vein of the lower leg ascends anteriorly to the medial malleolus?

A

great saphenous vein

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3
Q

which superficial vein of the lower leg ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?

A

small saphenous vein

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4
Q

where does the great saphenous vein drain, and into which vein?

A

it drains into the femoral vein in the inguinal region

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5
Q

where does the small saphenous vein drain, and into which vein?

A

it drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

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6
Q

which superficial vein of the lower leg presents more commonly with varicose veins?

A

great saphenous vein

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7
Q

what are the major groups of lymph nodes in the leg, and which veins are they associated with?

A

superficial inguinal nodes - great saphenous vein
deep inguinal nodes - femoral vein
popliteal nodes - small saphenous vein/popliteal vein

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8
Q

what is the dermatome of the knee?

A

L3

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9
Q

what is the dermatome of the big toe?

A

L5

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10
Q

what is the dermatome of the little toe?

A

S1

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11
Q

which artery is damaged in avascular necrosis of the hip?

A

medial circumflex femoral artery

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12
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

inguinal ligament
sartorius muscle
adductor longus muscle

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13
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle, lateral to medial?

A

femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
inguinal lymph nodes

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14
Q

name the main flexors of the hip

A 
iliacus/psoas major
pectineus
sartorius
rectus femoris
tensor fascia latae
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15
Q

name the main extensors of the hip and their innervation

A

gluteus maximus
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

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16
Q

what is the cutaneous innervation of the sole of the foot?

A 
medial plantar nerve
lateral plantar nerve
saphenous nerve
sural nerve
medial calcaneal nerve (branch of tibial)
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17
Q

name the main abductors of the hip and their innervation

A

tensor fascia lata
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

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18
Q

name the main adductors of the hip

A 
adductor brevis 
adductor longus 
adductor magnus
gracilis
pectineus
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19
Q

name the main internal rotators of the hip

A

tensor fascia lata

anterior fibres of gluteus medius

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20
Q

name the main external rotators of the hip

A 
piriformis
obturator internus
obturator externus
gemelli (sup and inf)
quadratus femoris
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21
Q

what is Shenton’s line, and what is its purpose?

A

line formed by superior pubic ramus and neck of femur

disruption in the line can indicate a neck of femur fracture

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22
Q

what is the blood supply to the femoral head?

A

medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries
obturator artery branch (via ligamentum teres of head of femur)
intramedullary blood supply

23
Q

what structure passes through the ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres) and what is its significance?

A

branch of obturator artery - supplies head of femur

24
Q

the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries arise from which artery?

A

profunda femoris artery

25
Q

what is the surgical management of intracapsular and extracapsular hip fractures?

A

intracapsular - replacement (unless young/undisplaced, in which case fix)
extracapsular - intramedullary nail fixation

26
Q

what is the main factor contributing to the difference in surgical management of intracapsular and extracapsular hip fractures?

A

whether the blood supply to the head of femur is compromised as a result of the fracture

27
Q

what is the purpose of the patella?

A

extension of the knee, acting as a lever for the quadriceps femoris

28
Q

what is the main extensor of the knee joint?

A

quadriceps femoris

29
Q

what are the main flexors of the knee joint?

A 
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
sartorius
gracilis
popliteus (unlocks knee)
30
Q

what is the purpose of the popliteus muscle?

A

it unlocks knee before flexion

31
Q

what is the purpose of the menisci?

A

transmit load
shock absorption
proprioception
stability

32
Q

what type of joint are the ankle joint and subtalar joint?

A

ankle joint - hinge

subtalar joint - plane

33
Q

during which joint movement is the ankle joint the most stable?

A

during dorsiflexion

34
Q

which joints in the foot are responsible for inversion and eversion?

A

subtalar joint

transverse tarsal joint

35
Q

what is the transverse tarsal joint made up of?

A

talo-navicular joint

calcaneo-cuboidal joint

36
Q

which muscles are responsible for inversion of the foot?

A

tibialis anterior

tibialis posterior

37
Q

which muscles are responsible for eversion of the foot?

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

38
Q

what are the contributors to the arch form in the foot?

A
  • long and short plantar ligaments
  • plantar aponeurosis
  • spring ligament (calcaneonavicular)
  • intrinsic foot tendons
  • shape of the bones
39
Q

what is a common cause of acquired flat feet?

A

posterior tibial muscle dysfunction

40
Q

what are the functions of the arches in the foot?

A

distribute weight
shock absorption
springboard for walking/jumping/running

41
Q

what are tarsal coalitions and where are they most commonly found?

A

tarsal bones becoming stuck to eachother

commonest are calcaneonavicular and talocalcaneal

42
Q

what are the most frequently found accessory bones in the foot?

A

accessory navicular
os trigonum
os peroneum

43
Q

what is the Apical Ectodermal Ridge?

A

it’s an area of ectoderm at the end of each limb bud which promotes the differentiation and proliferation of mesenchymal cells into blood vessels, cartilage, muscle, bone

44
Q

by which week of embryological development do fingers and toes separate from eachother?

A

week 8 of development

45
Q

once hand and foot plates are formed in the embryo, what rotation occurs in each?

A

upper limb buds - rotate laterally

lower limb buds - rotate medially

46
Q

what’s the structure responsible for limb development in the embryo?

A

apical ectodermal ridge

47
Q

during bone development in the embryo, what do the primary and secondary ossification centres form respectively?

A

primary ossification centre - diaphysis/shaft

secondary ossification centre - epiphysis

48
Q

what are the genes responsible for bone formation?

A

HOX genes

49
Q

what type of cells make up limb buds in the embryo?

A

ectoderm

mesenchyme

50
Q

what is syndactily?

A

fusion of fingers, either through webbing (cutaneous syndactily) or with fused bones (osseous syndactily)

51
Q

what causes syndactily?

A

digital rays don’t develop in the hand plate in utero

52
Q

what is the commonest type of clubfoot seen in babies, and what does it look like?

A

talipes equinovarus - foot inverted medially and downwards

53
Q

how common is talipes equinovarus?

A

1 in 1000 babies

Musculoskeletal System (4 decks)

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