Musculoskeletal - Anatomy Flashcards
Name the 5 regions of their spine and how many vertebrae each includes
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (fused) Coccygeal (fused)
What kind of curvature does each part of the spine have?
Cervical - lordosis
Thoracic - kyphosis
Lumbar - lordosis
Name the 3 common vertebral shape disorders
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Which are the lumbar vertebrae most involved in motion?
L4 and L5
What factors can affect vertebral curvatures?
Posture, activity, obesity, pregnancy, trauma, and/or disease
What does a slight lateral curvature to the spin reflect?
Dominant handedness
What are the three joints in a vertebral motion segment?
One intervertebral disc anteriorly
Two gliding synovial facet joints
What are the intervertebral foramen?
Canals bilaterally between each pair of vertebral pedicles, which transmit spinal nerves, their coverings/vessels, and some vessels to the spinal cord
Name the ligaments of the spine and where they are
Anterior longitudinal ligament (anterior to vertebral bodies) Posterior longitudinal ligament (posterior to vertebral bodies) Ligamentum flavum (posterior to vertebral canal) Interspinous ligaments (between spinous processes Supraspinous ligaments (posterior to spinous processes)
What makes up the intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus with the Nucleus pulposus in the middle
What is the annulus fibrosus?
Concentric, interwoven collagenous fibers integrated with cartilage cells
What is the nucleus pulposus?
A mass of degenerated collagen, proteoglycans and water
What happens to the intervertebral discs with age?
They dehydrate and become thin, leading to a loss of height
Which intervertebral discs are subject to early degeneration?
The cervical and lumbar discs
What can happen as a result of weakening and/or tearing of the annulus fibrosus?
A broad-based bulge or a localised (focal) protrusion of the nucleus and adjacent annulus
