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IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science > Musculoskeletal Anatomy > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the Components of the Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, Ribs, Sternum, Vertebral Column

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2
Q

Function of Skull

A

Protect

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3
Q

Function of Sternum

A

Attachment for ribs

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4
Q

Function of Rib Cage

A

Protect vital organs

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5
Q

Function of veterbral column

A

Support head, protect spinal cord, attachment point for ribs and back muscles

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6
Q

Function of Axial Skeleton

A

Protection of vital organs and support and maintenance of posture

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7
Q

Parts of the vertebral column from from top to bottom

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

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8
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical vertebrae

A

7

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9
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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10
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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11
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacral

A

5 (fused)

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12
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx

A

4 (fused)

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13
Q

Name the parts of the pectoral girdle (Appendicular Skeleton)

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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14
Q

Name the bones of the arm (appendicular skeleton)

A

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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15
Q

Name the bones of the pelvic girdle

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

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16
Q

Name the bones of the leg (appendicular skeleton)

A

femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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17
Q

Component of Long Bones

A

Length is greater than width, for movement

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18
Q

Components of short bones

A

small and cube shaped

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19
Q

Components of flat bones

A

Curved surfaces, for protection, and provides a broad area for muscle attachment

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20
Q

Components of Irregular Bones

A

Specialized shape and function

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21
Q

Example of Long Bones

A

femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges

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22
Q

Examples of short bones

A

carpals and tarsals

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23
Q

Example of flat bones

A

sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis

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24
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

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25
Q

What is the epiphysis on a long bone?

A

Head of the long bones, made of spongy bone, contains red bone marrow

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26
Q

What is the diaphysis on the long bone?

A

length or shaft of the long bone, made of compact bone, for protection and support

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27
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

On the ends of the long bone, reduces friction, absorbs shock

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28
Q

What is spongy bone (cancellous)?

A

Located inside epiphysis, very porous, provides structural support and stability

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29
Q

What is compact bone?

A

What diaphysis is made of, very dense, great strength and rigidity

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30
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Inside the medullary (marrow) cavity, made mostly of fat, contains stem cells for cartilage, fat, and bone cells

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31
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Located in the epiphysis, contains stem cells that can become blood cells/platelets

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32
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

also the marrow cavity, stores yellow bone marrow

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33
Q

What do blood vessels do in the bone?

A

Supply blood and nutrients to the bone

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34
Q

What is the periosteum

A

outer lining of the bone, for bone growth and repair, attachment of ligaments and tendons

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35
Q

Name all the components of the long bone

A

Epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, yellow bone marrow, red bone marrow, medullary cavity, blood vessel, periosteum

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36
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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37
Q

Superior

A

Above

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38
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the center or where a limb attaches to the body

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39
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the center or where the limb attaches to the body

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40
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body

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41
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline of the body

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42
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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43
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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44
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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45
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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46
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Reduces friction, absorbs shock, and protects bone

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47
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones come into contact or articulate with each other

48
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

thin layer of fibrous tissue that connects edges of two bones, no movement allowed

49
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures of the skull

50
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

joined by cartilage, limited movement

51
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Between vertebrae and between ribs and sternum

52
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Freely moving join that contain synovial fluid in a cavity around articulating bones, most important for mobility

53
Q

What is an example of a synovial joint?

A

elbow, knee

54
Q

Name parts of a synovial joint

A

articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus

55
Q

What is the articular capsule?

A

Sleeve like structure that surrounds the joint under the bursae

56
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Line the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

57
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

lubricates articular cartilage preventing friction damage during movement

58
Q

What is the bursae?

A

fluid filled sac that works as a cushion to reduce friction

59
Q

What is the meniscus?

A

Discs of fibrocartilage that provide cushioning and stability

60
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

One bone is oval and fits with a concave surface. Movement only in two directions (side/side, up/down)

61
Q

Example of condyloid joint?

A

Wrist

62
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Saddle and rider, movement in two directions (up/down, side/side)

63
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Thumb

64
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

sphere fits into round cavity, movement in all directions

65
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

shoulder, hip

66
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Convex bone fits with a concave bone, can flex/extend in one direction

67
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

elbow, knee

68
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

One bone forms a ring in which the other bone rotates, allows rotation

69
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

radius and ulna, neck

70
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

Bones that are mostly flat and glide across each other, least movement

71
Q

What is an example of a gliding joint?

A

Between carpal and tarsal bones

72
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

73
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

under voluntary control, striated appearance, tendons that attaches mostly to bone, main function is movement

74
Q

What is cardiac/heart muscle?

A

striated, involuntary

75
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

lines wall of blood vessels and hollow organs, involuntary, not striated

76
Q

What are striations?

A

Tissue that converts energy

77
Q

What are the main functions of muscle?

A

movement, move substances, stabilize and maintain body position, body heat

78
Q

What are the properties of muscle tissue?

A

contractility, extensibility, elasticity

79
Q

What are the 3 layers of fascia?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

80
Q

What is epimysium?

A

Outer layer which covers entire muscle

81
Q

What is perimysium?

A

surrounds bundle of muscle fiber

82
Q

what is endomysium?

A

layer of fascia that surrounds individual muscle fiber

83
Q

What is muscle fiber?

A

Consist of a single muscle cell that helps control the physical forces of the body

84
Q

What is myofibril?

A

light and dark bands arranged in a series of function units

85
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

contain bands of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) that are important for muscle contraction

86
Q

Hypertrophy?

A

increase of myofibrils, bigger muscle

87
Q

Atrophy?

A

Decrease of myofibrils, smaller muscle

88
Q

Rectus abdominus?

A

most superficial, pubis to rib and sternum, “six pack”

89
Q

External obliques?

A

lower 8 ribs to ilium, side of torso, sideways bending movement and rotation

90
Q

Erector spinae?

A

runs alongside most of spine

91
Q

Deltoid?

A

shoulder muscle, posterior scapula and anterior clavicle to lateral humerus

92
Q

Pectoralis major?

A

covers entire anterior chest, “peck”

93
Q

Biceps brachii

A

entire upper arm, scapula to radius and ulna

94
Q

Trapezius?

A

triangular shape, posterior neck and upper back, raise shoulder

95
Q

Latissimus dorsi?

A

sides of back muscle, sacrum and ilium to humerus, brings arms backwards

96
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Posterior upper arm, shoulder and elbow movement, back of bicep

97
Q

Iliopsoas?

A

lumbar vertebrae and ilium to inner femur, hips

98
Q

Sartorius?

A

longest muscle in the body, ilium to medial tibia, knee thigh movement, inner thigh muscle

99
Q

What are the four muscles of the quadriceps?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

100
Q

Rectus femoris?

A

superficial middle thigh muscle

101
Q

Vastus lateralis?

A

outside thigh muscle

102
Q

Vastus medialis?

A

inside thigh muscle

103
Q

Vastus intermedius

A

middle thigh muscle under rectus femoris

104
Q

Tibialis anterior?

A

front of lower leg, between tibia and fibula, walking/running

105
Q

Gluteus maximus?

A

butt, sacrum, ilium, coccyx to upper lateral femur

106
Q

What are the muscles of the hamstrings?

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus (all on back thigh)

107
Q

Biceps femoris?

A

outside nearest to hip, head of fibula

108
Q

semitendinosus?

A

inside, superficial, back thigh

109
Q

semimembranosus?

A

inside, under semitendinosus

110
Q

Parts of calf muscle

A

gastrocnemius, soleus

111
Q

Gastrocnemius?

A

most superficial, two heads

112
Q

Soleus?

A

underneath gastrocnemius

113
Q

What is the longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

114
Q

What factors affect the stability of a joint?

A

shape, whether the bones interlock, area over which the bones contact, flexibility of ligaments, influence of other soft tissue

115
Q

What gives muscle a striated appearance?

A

Repeating bands of actin and myosin

IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science (3 decks)

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