Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What are the three types of joints?
synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
What is carlilage?
cushioning of bones
What are tendons?
bone to muscle
What are ligaments?
bone to bone
What are examples of synovial joints?
knee, hand, shoulder- freely mobile
What are examples of cartilaginous joints?
vertebral bodies of spine, slightly mobile
What are examples of fibrous joints?
skull sutures, immobile
What are the three types of synovial joints?
spheroidal ball and socket (shoulder and hip), Hinge (elbow, hands, feet), condylar (knee, TMJ)
What do you assess for gait?
asymmetry, guarding, and weakness: head-midline, shoulders-equal motion, arm swing- equal motion, Hips- equal movement, knees- observe knees for knock knees of bow legs, Feet-pronation or supination
What does a morse fall risk of 0-24 mean?
nothing
What does a morse fall risk of 25-50 mean?
Standard fall preventions
What does a morse fall risk of >51 mean?
high risk fall preventions
What are extrinsic factors that contribute to fall risk?
hazardous activities, time of day, external lighting, clutter, spills, loose electrical cords
What are intrinsic factors that contribute to fall risk?
muscle and strength weakness, gait and balance disorders, visual disturbances, cognitive impairments, dizziness, incontinence, polypharmacy, age, chronic disease
Whar are risk factors for osteoporosis and osteopenia?
age >50, family history, ETOH, corticosteroids, bone density scans
How can one prevent osteoporosis and osteopenia?
weight bearning exercise, calcium and vit D intake, avoid prolonged use of corticosteroids
What do you examine for joints?
symetry, alignment, edema, deformities, ROM active and passive joints and stability, decreaded ROM can be unilateral or bilateral, note muscle atrophy, edema, and crepitis (clicking sound
What is the normal range of motion for the neck?
flexion (chin to chest) extension (look up at ceiling) rotation (over each shoulder) lateral bending (ear to shoulder)
What is the normal range of motion for the back?
flexion (touch toes) extension (arch back) rotation (rotate from hip) lateral bending (bend side to side)
what is the normal range of motion of the shoulder?
abduction: raise arms from side to shoulder level, flextion:raise arms above head, adduction: cross arms in front of chest, external rotation: place hands behind neck, internal rotation: place hands behind back
What is a contracture?
loss of motion in the hands- usually permanent- try to prevent!
During gait, what is stance?
foot is on ground and bears weight, 60%
During gait, what is swing?
Foot moves forward and does not bear weight, 40% of walking cycle
What is the normal width from heel to heel in gait?
2-4 inches
