Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
lunate vs scaphoid bone position
A
both carpal bones articulate with radius. lunate is immediately medial to scaphoid
2
Q
thumb swings on which carpal bone?
A
trapezium
3
Q
which bone is in center of wrist
A
capitate
4
Q
lunate vs triquetrum bone
A
both carpal bones articulate with ulna, triquetrum bone is medial.
5
Q
explain collagen synthesis
A
1) pre-pro alpha chain is translocated into RER. signaling protein is cleaved. now called pro alpha chain
2)hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues (vti C dependent)
3)glycosylation of selected lysin residues
4)assembly of procollagen triple helix (disulfide/hydrogen bonds)- problem here=osteogenesis imperfecta
Exocytosis
1)terminal propeptides cleaved by N- and C- procollagen peptidases. now called tropocollagen
2)collagen fibrils form spontaneously
3)fibrils are reinforced by covalent cross-linking (lysyl oxidase)- requires Cu2+. problems here=Ehler’s Danlos and Menkes
6
Q
older pt with bone pain and increased phosphatase level-disease, cells involved, cancer risk
A
Paget’s disease-increased osteoclastc activations followed by increased activity of osteoblasts. increased risk for osteocarcoma
histo-haphazardly oriented, prominent cement lines, mosaic pattern of lamellar bone
7
Q
chondrocytes
A
cells found in healthy cartilage
8
Q
neonate with agenesis of sacrum, flaccid paralysis or legs, dorsiflexed contractures of feet and urinary incontinence. associated with what maternal disease?
A
caudal regression syndome, poorly controlled maternal diabetes
9
Q
what abdominal muscle is needed to increase intra-abdominal/intrathoracic pressure during Valsalva maneuver?
A
rectus muscle.
10
Q
how does valsalva maneuver help with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia? if this fails use what drug?
A
increases vagal tone to increase refractory period in AV node (slow conduction) andprevent reentrant circuit. if this fails use IV adenosine (increase K+ out of cells)
11
Q
describe muscles and nerves involved in abduction of arm
A
0-10 supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve)
10-90 deltoids (axillary nerve)
>90 serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve)
note: paralysis of trapezius (spinal accessory) prevents upward rotation of scapula and inability to arm arm above the horizontal
12
Q
-great auricular nerve and transverse cervical nerve, -greater occipital nerve
A
- branches of cervical plexus don’t innervate any muscles in the neck, provide cutaneous innervation only.
- dorsal ramus of 2nd cervical spinal nerve cutaneous innervation to skin in back of head, no muscles
13
Q
terres minor-innervation and movement. muscles that help and oppose this action/nerve
A
axillary, adducts and laterally rotates
infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve) works with terres minor to laterally rotate the arm
and subscapularis (subscapularis nerve) opposes causing medial rotation
14
Q
action of palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus/ nerve
buccinator/nerve
A
palatogossus-draw tongue and soft palate together (as occurs during swallowing)-CN10
palaopharyngeus-elevates pharynx (as occurs during swallowing)-CN10
buccinator-holds food against teeth while chewing-CN 7 (paralysis can lead to food and saliva b/t teeth and check)
15
Q
muscles of mastication innervated by CN5
A
3Ms elevate jaw-masseter, temporalis, and medial pyerygoid
1 L lowers jaw-lateral ptyergoid
16
Q
aneurysm of axillary artery within axilla may compress what part of the brachial plexus? why not trunk of brachial plexus?
A
any of the cord-they are all enclosed within the axillary sheath the first portion of the axillary artery. get their name b/c of their relation to the artery (lateral, medial and posterior).
lower trunk of the brachial plexus is above the clavicle. not in axillary sheath.
17
Q
temporalis muscle in innervated by CN located where? not lower pons because?
A
CN V located in mid pons (along with 6). lower pons contains CN 7 (muscle of facial expression and stapedius muscle) and 8.
18
Q
CNs in medulla
A
9,10,11,12
19
Q
CNs in midbrain
A
3, 4
20
Q
sarcomeres
I-band
H-band
A-band
A
I-contains actin
H-contains myosin
A-contains actin + myosin
21
Q
explain organization of sarcomere
A
An Interesting Zoo Must Have Mammals (Actin in the I-band attache to the Z-line, Myosin in the H-band attaches to the M-line)
22
Q
cafe au lait spots, polyostotic fibrosis dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine disorders
A
McCune-albright (mosaic G protein signaling mutation)
23
Q
examples of muscluskeletal diseases with
- no contraction in response to intracellular Ca2+
- uncoordinated contraction of myofibrils
- poor force generation on repeated stimulation
- impaired relaxation after a single contraction
- impaired energy production during contraction
A
- abnormality of troponin C or myosin
- T-tubule malformation
- myasthenia gravis
- myotonic dystrophy
- McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V)- defect in myophosphorylase
24
Q
location of psoas vs erector spinae
A
- originates from anterior surface of transverse processes and lateal surface of corresponding vertebral bodies (T12-L5)
- large muscle group behind vertebral bodies-causes spine extension.
25
which bone fracture is common in elderly? CXR finding? artery damaged? why not obturator, why no femoral?
- femoral neck fracture
- look for shortened femoral neck
- medial femoral circumflex artery
- not femoral b/c femoral gives rise to medial and lateral circumflex arteries-also more extreme symptoms (lower extremity claudication etc... would be expected)
- obturator artery give rise to an artery that supplies the femoral head- vessel is esp important in chidren b/c is supplies blood to region of femoral head proximal to the epiphyseal growth plate
26
name 3 bisphosphonates- analogue of, toxicities, uses
anything that ends in"dronate"
- alendronate* risedronate, and ibandronate
- analogue of pyrophosphate PP- important component of hydroxyapatite (component of bony matrix)
- esophagitis and jaw bone necrosis
- Paget's, osteoporosis, malignancy-induced hypercalcemia
27
describe "empty-can (muscle name) test"? what muscle is it use to test for?
-supraspinatus
-pt abducts arms to 90 degrees and flex them to 30 degrees with thumbs pointing to the floor. doc applies a downward force to arm
+ sign=pain or weakness
indicates a tear in muscle or tendon, tendonitis, or pinching tendon between acromion and head of humerus
28
serum sickness-hypersensitivity, mech, presentation (6), when, can be caused by which drug?
- type III hypersensitivity
- deposition of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes and resulting vasculitis
- fever, urticaria, arthralgias, glomerulonephritis, lymphadenopathy, low serum C3 levels
- 5-10 days intravascular exposure to antigen
- sulfonamides
29
risk of damage to what artery and nerve:
- midshaft fractures
- supracondylar fractures
- deep brachial artery and radial nerve-travel together
| - brachial artery
30
nurse's elbow-def, mech, pt pop, presentation, structure that's torn and displaced
- radial head subluxation
- sudden traction on outstretched and pronated arm of child
- arm is close to body, elbow extended and forearm pronated, children are in little distress unless elbow it moved
- annular ligament tears from attachment at radial neck and slips into radiohumeral joint
31
"popeye" deformatity-def, muscle ruptured
palpable mass in mid upper mass; bicep tendon rupture
32
intense stress valgus stress at elbow (i.e throwers and baseball picthers) injures which ligament
ulnar collateral ligament
33
where should injections in buttocks be given to avoid injury? what structures are present in other sites?
- superolateral quadrant is safe
- superomedial quadrant risks injury to gluteal nerves
- inferior medial risk injury to sciatic nerve
- inferior lateral quad risk injury to tendinous insertions of gluteal muscles
34
organism that causes gas gangrene vs organism that causes ecthyma gangrenosum
- c. perfringens (myonecrosis)
| - pseudomonas aeruginosa (necrotic cutaneous lesions)
35
c. perfringens causes what two disease?
```
late onset food poisoning accompanied by transient watery diarrhea
clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
```
36
most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active adults? other cause?
gonorrhea
| other cause is rheumatic fever from untreated group A strep
37
hypersensitivity
- myasthenia gravis
- post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- good pastures
- chrug-strauss
- hypersensivity pneuomonitis
- contact dermatitis
- atopic dermatitis
- 2
- 3
- 2
- 3
- 3
- 4
- 1
38
in health individuals differences i bone density curves can best be explained by
genetic factors
| -calcium intake, exercise etc... has a smaller role
39
where is sternocleidomastoid muscle located?
- originates on medial clavicle (cleido) and manubrium of sterum (sterno)
- inserts on mastoid process of skull (mastoid)
40
serratus anterior vs rhomboid muscle. how does winged scapula occur?
- originates from 1st through 8th ribs laterally and inserts into medial border to scapula. loss of innervation (long thoracic nerve) causes winged scapula
- major and minor rhomboids originate on vertebral bodies and spines and inserts into medial boarder of scapula
41
repeated and prolonged kneeling can cause damage to which bursa? aka? pt pop? symptoms?
- prepatellar bursitis, "housemaid's knee"
- most commonly seen in roofers, carpenters, and plumbers
- pain, erythema, swelling, and inability to kneel on affected side
42
role of rank receptor/rank ligand. effect of estrogen on expression of rank receptor
- essential for formation and differentiation of osteoclasts
- hypoestrogenic states leads to over expression of rank receptor causing increased bone resorption due to increased osteoclastic activity
43
clinical presentation of achondroplasia. genetic inheritance?
- "disproportionately short arms and legs", normal spine length, large head, saddle nose
- autosomal domininant
44
deposition of
- calcium pyrophosphate
- monosodium urate
- calcium hydroxyapaptite
- pseudogout; rhomboid shaped crystal; positive bifurengence; blue when parallel
- gout needle shaped crystals (negative bifringence; yellow in parallel light and blue in perpendicular light
- calcific tendonitis, mc location is rotator cuff
45
intramembranous ossification vs endochondral ossificaiton
-lack of cartilaginous bone intermediate
46
effective anti-inflammatory agent in acute gouty arthritis? mech? toxicity? use when?
- colchicine
- inhibits tubulin polymerization and microtubule formation in leukocytes (this prevents chemotaxis of neutrophils)
- diarrhea
- b/c of side effects use in ppl who can't take NSAIDS due to renal failure or peptic ulcer disease
47
presentation of lesions in CN III
```
eye deviated down and out
diagonal diplopia (or "both horizontal and vertical diplopia at same time"), dilation of pupil and loss of accommodation, ptosis
```
48
presentation of lesion in CN IV
eye deviated and upward, vertical and torsional diplopia
49
presentation of lesion in CN VI
eye deviated medially, horizontal diplopia
50
presentation of appendictis, 1st event in pathogenesis, causes of this?
right lower quad pain that begins at umbilicus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever
- obstruction
- fecaliths, hyperplastic lymphoid follicles, foreign bodies, or tumors
51
presentation of serotonin syndrome, drugs that cause (just main examples), precursor
confusion, agitation, tremor, tachycardia, clonus*, hyperrflexia, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis
- SSRIs and MAO inhibits
- tryptophan is a precursor
52
another name for vitamin B6. what poisoning can cause it's elevation?
pyridoxal phosphate
| lead (in heme pathway)
53
mech of entacapone, another drug in this class? toxicity?
- COMT inhibitor increases bioavailability of levodopa by inhibiting peripheral methylation
- tolcapone peripheral and central COMT inhibitor, hepatoxicity for tolcapone but not entacapone
54
alendronate vs raloxifene
- synthetic form of pyrophosphate. inhibits bone resorption, doesn't protect against breast cancer just osteoperosis
- SERM (binds to estrogen receptors) in bone it's agonist to prevent osteroporosis, in breast it's antagonist to protect against estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer
55
type 1 vs type 2 muscle fibers (muscles, content, primary mech of nrg production)
- aka slow twitch. fibers that require low level sustained actions. high myoglobin (oxy storage) and mitochondria. primarily use aerobic metabolism
- fibers that generate rapid forceful movement. type IIB use anaerobic. type IIA (aka fast twitch) aerobic metabolism
56
what is CREST? antibodies vs those seen in diffuse sceroderma
- calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasias
- anti-centromere seen in 40%
- anti-DNA topoisomerase I (Scl-70) antibodies
57
anti dsDNA
anti histone
anti Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB
anti phospholipid
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- drug induced lupus
- Sjogern syndrome
- SLE and in antiphospholipid syndrome
58
explain glucose-alanine cycle
alanine is major amino acid responsible for transferring nitrogen to the liver for disposal
- during catabolism of protein, amino groups are transferred to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate
- glutamate is then processed in liver to form urea
59
presentation of fibromyalgia, pt pop, more severe when?
- diffuse m/s pain, insomnia, and emotional disturbances, 11 of 18 "painful points" (touch spine, lateral epicondyle, medial fat pad for example) are required for diagnosis
- women 20-50yrs
- more severe in morning and exacerbated by exercise (don't confuse with RA)
60
presentation of dermatomyositis, elevated levels of?
bilateral proximal muscle weakness (combing hair, climbing stairs)
-heliotrope rash on eyelids, gotoron papules on knuckles
elevated EC levels
61
CD14, CD4, CD8, CD20
- surface marker for monocyte-macrophage cell lineage
- T-helper cells
- T-killer cells
- B-cell surface marker
62
what do macrophages look like in caseating granulomas
large epitheliod cells with abundant pink pale cytoplasm
63
name enzymes in heme pathway. wht diseases to they cause if missing to poison that can disturb then?
- delta aminolevulinic acid synthase- sideroblastic anemia (X-linked)
- deta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase-lead poisoning
- prophobilinogen deaminase-acute intermittent porphyria
- uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase-porphyria cutanea tarda
- ferrochelatase-lead poisoning
64
what substrates accumulate in lead poisioning? leads to what type of anemia?
inhibit delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and leads to increased delta-ALA
- inhibits ferrochelatase causing increased propophyrin IX
- this leads to decreased heme production and microcytic anemia b/c of no heme
65
target which cells in treatment of gout? not mast cells b/c. give example of drug?
- target neutrophils microtubules to prevent chemotaxis
- colchicine
- target mast cells to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis
66
which nerve provides sensation for diaphragmatic pleura. how does pain here present? not long thoracic nerve b/c?
- phrenic nerve
- sharp pain, worse on inspiration in C3-C5 distribution (referred to neck and shoulder)
- long thoracic innervates serratus anterior and is responsible for winged scapula if damamged
67
how is pleura divided? divide one of the subtypes into 4 more types?
-visceral pleura which covers all lung surfaces including the parts within fissures
-parietal pleura which covers remainder of parts and is not in contact with lung
costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
cervical
68
presentation of congential hypothyroidism vs phenylkeotnuria
- 6Ps (pot bellied, pale, puffy faced, protruding umbilicus, protuberant tongue, and poor brain development) other signs include (hypotonia, poor feeding, jaundice and constipation)
- developmental delay, mental retardation, mousy body odor, and fair skin coloring "Pee Kacasian U stink and dumb"
69
- loss of total bone mass that results in trabecular thinning
- cystic degeneration with subperiosteal resorption
- excessive unmineralized osteoid
- primary unmineralized spongiosa in medullary canals
- osteoporosis
- hyperparathyroidism
- vit D deficiency
- osteopetrosis
70
musculocutaneous nerve provides sensation to? not thenar eminence b/c
- lateral forearm
| - innervated by reccurent branch of median nerve
71
medial forearm is innervated by?
-medial cutaneous nerve of ulnar branch
72
pulmonary damage in scleroderma? manifests how?
- causes pul HTN due to damage to pulm arterioles
| - accentuated pulmonary component of second heart sound and signs of right-sided heart failure
73
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
RA
74
anti-phospholipid antibodies
SLE and anti-phospholipid anitbody syndrome
75
causes of clubbing? not bronchial astham b/c
- thickening of distal phalanges due to diseases that cause hypoxia
- lung diseases-lung cancer(large cell carcinoma), TB, CF, bronchietasis, Pul HTN, empyema
- heart diseases-cyanotic congenital heart disease, and bac endocarditis
- other-IBD (Crohn's and UC) hyperthyroidism, and malabsorption
- bronchial asthma is not associated with clubbing (look for atopic dermatitis, nasal polyps or hives instead)
76
bilateral parotid enlargement, erosion of tooth enamel, and irregular menses
bulimia nervosa
77
captitation
- physicians are paid a fixed amt per enrollee not per service.
- incentive to contain costs due to fixed budget
- motivated to provided more preventative care to catch illnesses early
78
fee for service vs discounted fee for service
- paid a fixed amt for every service provided (do all tests)
| - physicians are reimbursed a discounted amt for every service provided (avoid doing expensive or less discounted tests)
79
salary
- paid fixed amt, regardless of enrollees or services
| - no incentive to change treatment patterns
80
what are antibodies in RA? not anti-centromeres b/c?
- cartilage components serve as autoantigens that activate CD4+ cell to make rheumatoid factor, an IgM antibody specific for the Fc component of self IgG
- these anti-bodies are seen in CREST
81
anti microtubules
primary billiary cirrhosis
82
anti-phospholipid antibodies
SLE and anti phospholipid syndrome
83
anti-dsDNA antibodies
just SLE
84
mech of colchicine, side effects
tubulin polymerization
| nausea and abdomial pain and diarrhea
85
alkaptonuria-inheritance, enzyme def, presentation (3)
- autosomal recessive
- homogentisic acid (homogentisate to maleyacetoacetate)
- pigment deposits and connective tissue throughout body
- arthritis, urine is black when exposed to air
86
older gentleman with pain an deformity in bony area and hearing loss (skull)
-Paget's
87
which molecules play an important role in osteoclasts differentiation? not transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) b/c?
- RANK-L and M-CSF
| - TGF leads to increases osteoblasts, collagen synthesis, and osteoclastic apoptosis
88
marker of bone formation
osteocalcin- protein secreted by osteoblasts
89
fibroblast growth factor (FGF), abnormalities cause?
increase bone formation by stimulating osteoblast, neovascularization, and wound healing
-abnormalities cause achondroplasia
90
hereditary angioedema-enzyme loss, role of enzyme (2), drug to avoid
- low serum C1 esterase inhibitor
- leads to increased bradykinin activity b/c C1 esterase inhibits kalikrein (converts kininogen to make bradykinin) and C1
- don't give ACE inhibitors (more bradykinin)
91
which meds are strongly associated with medication induces body fat redistribution? define this
- redistribution of fat from extremities to abdominal viscera and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the thorax, posterior neck and supraclavicular region
- HIV-1 protease inhibitors and glucocorticoids
92
examples of non-deoplarizing NMJ blocking drugs and how to reverse them?
- pancuronium and beta tubocurarine
| - reverse with neostigmine at anytime (there's no phase 1 or phase 2 to worry about)
93
example of depolarizing NMJ blocker? mech? which pt pop to look out for? how to reverse effects?
- succinylcholine
- has phase 1 (equal depolarization in all responses in train of 4) and phase 2 (decreasing depolarization in all response similar to non-depolarizing NMJ blockers)
- in slow acetlylactors (metabolism by plasma cholinesterase) transition to phase 2 takes longer (1-3 hrs in stead of 10 mins)
- neostigmine will augment effects in phase 1 but reverse effects in phase 2
94
where does posterior cruciate ligament attach? where does anterior cruciate ligament attach?
- attaches to posterior part of intercondylar area and anterior part of lateral surface of medial epicondyle of femur
- attaches to anterior portions of intercondylar tibia to the posterior medial side of the lateral femoral condyle
95
which nerve exits at the obturator foramen?
obturator
96
exits through greater sciatic foramen
inferior gluteal nerve
97
perifolicular hemorrhages and coiled (corkscrew hairs)
vitamin C deficiency, alsolook for petchiase, eccymoses and poor wound healing
98
damage to long thoracic nerve can be caused by? not clavicular fracture or anterior dislocation of shoulder joint because?
- mastectomy (deep axillary lymph node dissections)
- clavicular fractures usually in third middle clavicle do not cause and nerve injuries
- this injuries axillary nerve
99
mc cause of osteomyelitis in pts with sickle cell anemia? why? not staph aureas b/c?
- capsule (along with other SHiN-shoot should make this pneumonic SHiNS)
- capsule has Vi "virulence" antigen
- mc cause in normal healthy adults and 3rd mc cause in sickle cell pts (E. coli is 2nd)
100
presentation of H. O? mc location for hematogenous osteoyelitis in children? in adults? name common disease in this location in adults?
- fever, problem using joint, passive range of motion does not elicit pain, no joint effusion
- vertebral body (Pott's disease, osteomyelitis of this bone due to TB)
- metaphysis of long bones
- due to decreased blood flow in this area?
101
what does protein A due? found in which bac?
binds to Fc portion of IgG at complement-binding site leads to decreased C3b production and opsonization
-s. Aureus
102
signs and symptoms of psoas abscess-signs? pt at rest will have which motion?
fever, back pain, inguinal madd, difficulity walking
- psoas sign pain when hip is extended
- pts will arrange body to lessen psoas stretching (hip flexed and lumbar lordosis)
103
abdominal wall muscles
deepest is transverse
- then internal oblique and rectus abdominus in middles
- outer most layer is external oblique (hands in pockets fiber direction)
104
what metabolic disturbance can succinylcholine cause? which pts to avoid?
hyperkalemia, (phase 1 causes continued depolarization and Na+ goes in while K+ goes out)
-pt at high risk for hyperkalemia (burns, crush injuries, and denervating injuries or disease-quadriplegia and Guillian-Barre syndrome)
105
mech of etanercept? check what in pts before administration?
TNF-alpha inhibitor
| -PPD test b/c latent TB can be reactivated
106
major depressive disorder mnemonic? number of symptoms needed and length of time
need 5 symptoms for at least 2 wks
- SIGECAPS
- sleep disorder, interest deficit (anhedonia), guilt (worthlessness, hopelessness, and regret), energy deficit, concetration deficit, appetite disorder, psychomotor retardation or agigtiation, suicidality
- for at least 2 wks
107
comedomal rash and inflammatory eruption is aka
acne
108
best drug for acute treatment of RA? best drug for chronic treatment?
- NSAIDs (not longterm b/c of side effects)
| - MTX
109
urine turns black-disease, impaired enzyme,
- alkatonuria
- impaired honogentisic oxidase (homogentisic acid to maleylacetoacetisic acid)
- can't convert tyrosine to fumarate (tyrosine to homogentisic acid to maleylacetoacteic acid to fumarate)
110
name rash on hands and feet associated with Reiter's disease aka reactive arthritis
-keratoderma blennorrhagicum=vessicles on an erythematous base which become sterile pustles and then keratotic scale
111
define enthesopathies? requires monitoring of what in pts with ankylosing spondylitis?
- inflammation at site of tendon insertion
- involvement of costovertebral and costosternal junctions may cause limitation of chest movements, resulting in hypoventilation
112
which muscle is most important in hip flexion? other muscles involved (4)
iliopsoas (contains psoas maojr, psoas minor, and iliacus)
| -rectus femoris, tensor fascia lata, sartorius and medial compartment of thigh
113
which muscles are need for standing up from supine position?
external abdominal obliques, rectus abdominis, hep flexors
114
which muscles are most important for hip extension. not obterator externus because?
gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembraneous, biceps femoris (long head)
-this muscle is responsible for thigh lateral rotation
115
which muscles are most important for abduction of hip?
-gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
116
which muscles are most important for adduction of hip?
-adductor brevis
-adductor longus
and adductor magnus
117
presentation of polymyositis. mech?
- proximal muscle weakness
- myocytes over express MHC class I proteins on sarcolemma leading to inflitration of CD*+ T-lymphocyte and myocyte damage
118
suffix meaning of biological agent
- cept
- nib
- mab
- receptor molecule
- kinase inhibitor
- monoclonal antibody
119
monoclonal antibody target substem meanings
- b(a)*
- f(u)
- t(u)
- l(i)
- n(e)
- s(o)
- tox(a)
- v(i)
- k(i)
- c(i)
- bacterial
- fungal
- tumor
- immunomodulating
- neural
- bone
- toxin
- viral
- interleukin
- caridovascular
120
monoclonal origin substem meaning
- o
- u
- xi
- zu
- xizu
mouse
human
chimeric (human constant regions foreign variable regions)
humanized (human constant and variable regions except the complementarity determining regions)
chimeric/humanized hybrid
121
T or F cholchicine has an effect on metabolism and urinary excretion of uric acid?
- false. even though this is used to treat acute gouty arthritis and prophylaxis of recurrent gouty arthritis
- instead it inhibits leukocyte migration by blocking tubulin polymerization
- this blocks symptoms by disrupting chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inflammation
122
rachitic rosary
bony prominence at costochondral junctions (rosary chest)
| associated with vit d deficiency
123
lecithinase aka
produced by C. perfringens
-degrades lecithina compoment of cellular phospholipid* membranes leading to membrane damage cell death and necrosis and hemolysis
124
achrondroplasia-mc defect, effect on chondrocytes? axial vs appendicular skeleton length?
- FGF-3 activation (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3),
- inhibits chondrocytes
- axial (spine) length is normal
- appendicular (limbs) are short and thick and tubular
125
axial and appendicular skeleton length in FGF-3 activations vs IGF deficiency and GH
- IGF-1 and GH def=both axial and appendicular bone length affected
- FGF-3 activation only appendicular, axial is normal
126
parovirus presentation in adults vs children
- adults- arthritis that self-resolving
| - children-5th disease
127
why is calcium elevated in granulomatous diseases?
b/c activated macrophages activate T lymphocytes
- tymphocytes secrete gamma interferon which increases activity of alpha-1 hydroxylase
- this leads to increased Vit D and increased Ca2+ which suppresses PTH secretion
128
myleoperoxidase def vs chronic granulomatous disease
myelo-both catalase positive and negative organisms survive
-CGD only catalase positive organisms survive (bac produce hydrogen peroxide and myelo can produce free radials from this)
129
examples of alpha-globins
haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin, and alpha macroglobins
130
define dsytonia? examples of focal dystonia
neurological movement disorder char by sustained involuntary muscle contractions
- cervical aka spasmodic torticollis
- blepharospasm (forcible closure of eyelids, uncontrollable blinking)
- writer's cramp
131
myoclonus-def and 2 examples
sudden brief sever shock-like muscle contration
| -epilepsy and C-jacob's disease
132
hemibalism-def, damage where?
flinging of limbs on one side of body
| -damage to subthalamic nucleus (contralateral side)
133
when asked whether someone is your pt what should you say?
- don't lie
| - just neither confirm or deny
134
which RA drug can lead to reactivation of TB?
-TNF-alpha inhibitors etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab
135
toxicity of MTX give what to reduce it?
- liver function abnormalities and stomatitis (painful mouth ulcers)
- folinic acid
136
pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) positive
GAD strep pyrogens
137
histological appearance of sporothrix?
granulomas
| -fungus spreads along lymphatics creating surface nodules
138
name 6 diseases tht cause childhood rash and main thing to tell them apart
- chickenpox-puritic, vescular rashe
- erthema infectiosim- macular rash-slapped cheek
- german measles (rubella)-occipital and postauricular lymphadenoapthy (maculopatular rash that starts on head and progressed down)
- measles (rubeola)-Koplick spots (maculopapular rash that starts on head and progresses down)
- scarlet fever (sandpaper-like rash, begins on neck, armpit, groin and then generlaizes)
- rosela infantum-rash appears once fever subsides (macules and papules on trunk that spreads)
139
shaken baby syndrome vs skull fractures
- subdural hemorrhage (bridging veins) with bilateral retinal hemorrhages
- epidural hematoma (tears in middle meningeal art)
140
what is used to measure osteoblasts? osteoclasts (3 and most specific?)
- ALP
| - TRAP, urinary hydroxyproline (most reliabile), urinary deoxypridinoline
141
gottron papules-def, disease, what else to look for? (2)
- flat topped violaceous papules over joints of fingers
- seen in dermatomyolitis
- also look for heliotrope rash (upper eyelid and periorbital skin) and proximal muscle weakness
142
acute avacular necrosis of fermoral head is associate with
-sickle cell disease, steroid therapy, and SLE and alocholism
143
name causes of osteomylities in
children
sickle cell disease
-pott disease
- staph aureaus
- salmonella and S. aureus
- TB
144
golgi muscle tendons vs muscle spindles (intrafusal muscle fibers)
- arranged in series on tendon, sensitive to tension (holding large amt of force)
- arranged in parallel within muscle, sensitive to changes in length (deep tendon reflexes)
145
sublimation vs displacement
sumblimation is mature (redirect emotion at something considered appropriate)
-displacement is immature (redirect anger at something more acceptable but still inappropriate)
146
nerve that courses between
- biceps and coracobrachialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus muscles
- flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
- olecranon and medical epicondyle of humerus
- supinator muscle and head of radius
- humeral and ulnar heads of pronator teres muscle
- musculocutaneous nerve
- ulnar nerve
- median
- ulnar nerve (funny bone)
- radial
- median
147
risk factors for osteoperosis
- smoking
- menopause
- corticosteroid therapy
- physical therapy
- caucasian race
- low total body weight
- alcohol use
148
whose has greater risk for bone fracture white or black?
white increased risk of osteroperosis
149
pain in hip when hip motion is fine and pain is exacerbated by flexion and internal rotation of hip and direct palpation over lateral aspect of hip? disease and pt pop?
trochanteric bursa inflammation
look for people who run on uneven pavement
palpation over lateral hip (palpation of greater trochanter)
150
drug induced lupus has been linked to what types of drugs?
drugs that are metabolized by N-acetylation in the liver
| -slow acetylators are at higher risk
