musculoskeletal Flashcards
general bone anatomy
cortex: dense outer layer of compact bone
medulla: porus/ spongy bone.
subchondral bone: bone immediately adjacent to the articular cartilage
physis
-growth plate in immature animal
-can look like fractures dont mistake
Tips for skull radiographic
positioning
- Well-positioned radiographs require
deep sedation, sometimes GA - Skull: DV preferred over VD, as easier to get straight, equal spaces between the mandibular rami and zygomatic arches
- Positioning devise needed to elevate
the nose
-lateral view superimposes TMJ joint so you can do nose up view
Tips for spine radiographic
positioning
- Should take several collimated
images targeting each region of
the spine, NOT one large image
of the entire spine - Positioning devises needed to
prop the sternum and spine in
the same plane in lateral views
(to prevent undulation of the spine)
-how to tell if straight:
VD: straight spinous processes
Lateral: nike checks along spine, space of disc even, equal sized “horse head” intervetebral foramina
Radiographic features of the spine
- No disc between C1-C2
- Anatomical landmarks:
- C6 has large transverse processes
- Diaphragmatic attachments at L3 and L4 ventral aspects, may cause indistinct ventral borders of the vertebral bodies
Breed variations and congenital anomalies of the spine
- Transitional vertebrae (a vertebra with anatomical features of each
adjoining segments) - Asymmetric rib formation at C7/T1, or T13/L1
- Sacralization of L7, lumbarization of S1
- Hemivertebrae in brachycephalic breeds
- Caudal vertebrae can vary in number and shape (brachycephalic breeds,
Manx cats)
how to view dens on rads
Hemivertebrae
Interpretation of the spine
- Keep in mind the normal radiographic
features - Evaluate positioning and technique
- Number of vertebrae in each segment
- Number and symmetry of ribs
- Presence of anomalies and
malformation - Symmetry and congruity of vertebral
canal - Evaluate each vertebra, articular process
joint, intervertebral disc space,
intervertebral foramen - Paraspinal soft tissues
shoulder views
-standard: lateral views but hold the leg abit distally so the trachea isnt superimposed
- Supination and pronation lateral views to see different aspects of the humeral head
-intertubercular groove: where supraspinatus attaches
* Cranioproximal-craniodistal oblique view to skyline the intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) which contains the biceps tenson and sheath
elbow standard views
pelvic standard views
straight VD pelvis rad
lateral veiws for hip rads
if you do straight lateral: there will be superimposition of coxofemoral joints
-open leg lateral will isolate the coxofemoral joint
tarsus oblique views
-Flexed DP view to see lateral
talar trochlear ridge
-stress views
Principles of interpretation
- ALWAYS correlate radiographic findings back to the history and clinical signs
- Does the finding make sense? Does it explain the clinical signs?
- Could the finding be a normal variant?
- Compare to the normal contralateral side
- Look it up in a textbook
- If the finding doesn’t add up to the clinical signs
- Re-evaluate the radiographs
- Take additional views
- Consider other diagnostics
-compare symmetrical side
