Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What are the mechanisms of the musculoskeletal system?
Mechanisms that facilitate and impair mobility
What do the musculoskeletal system oxygenate?
oxygenate of blood to tissues
Intracranial is regulated by?
brain, spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves
Pain from motion can limit ________
movement
What damages joint?
excessive weight gain
What causes constipation?
limited mobility
What are the synovial joints?
Hinge joint, Ball and socket, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, and Gliding
What are the movements of a hinge joint?
flexion and extension
What are examples of a hinge joint?
elbow joint, interphalangeal joints, and knee joint
What are the movements of a ball and socket joint?
Flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction
What are examples of ball and socket?
Shoulder and hip
What are the movements of a pivot joint?
rotation
What are examples of pivot joints?
Atlas-axis and proximal radioulnar joint
What are the movements of a condyloid joint?
Flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction
What are examples of a condyloid joint?
wrist joint (between radial and carpals)
What are the movements of a saddle joint?
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction
thumb-finger opposition
What are examples of a saddle joint?
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Gliding joint
one surface moves over another surface
What are examples of a gliding joint?
between tarsal bones, sacroiliac joint, between articular processes of vertebrae, between carpal bones
What are you inspecting for on a patient for the musculoskeletal system?
symmetry, muscle mass, joints, gait and posture, and ease of movement
What are you palpating for on a patient for the musculoskeletal system?
vertebrae and spinous processes, muscle mass, and joints for temperature, tissue integrity, and shape
What is the equipment used for ROM?
goniometer
Grade 0 for muscle strength
No evidence of muscle contraction upon palpation; no movement
Grade 1 for muscle strength
Flicker of muscle contraction is evident but no motion occurs at the joint; no movement
Grade 2 for muscle strength
Client moves body part through a full ROM in a gravity-eliminated plane; free movement
Grade 3 for muscle strength
client moves body part through full ROM against gravity with no added resistance; free movement
Grade 4 for muscle strength
client moves body part against gravity with moderate resistance; resisted movement
Grade 5 for muscle strength
client able to move body part against gravity and with maximum resistance; resisted movement
What are some unexpected findings found in musculoskeletal system?
- Asymmetry of extremity length or muscle mass
- Inflammation, swelling, redness
- Pain or tenderness with palpation or movement
- flaccidity, rigidity, or spasticity of muscles
- limited range of motion
- joint deformity or crepitation
What are fractures?
partial or complete break in continuity of a bone
If the skin is intact then what kind of fracture is it?
closed fracture
If the skin is broken then what kind of fracture is it?
open fracture
What are deformity or loss of function caused by in bone fractures?
tissue shortening around bone and localized edema
What is osteoporosis?
loss of bone density and decreased bone strength
What are the factors of osteoporosis?
- aging
- decline of estrogen and relationship to calcium deficit
- lack of exercise
What are signs of osteoporosis?
- loss of height
- have spontaneous fracture from brittle bones
- develops kyphosis
What is kyphosis?
convex curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
What is osteoarthritis?
degenerative change in articular cartilage
What are symptoms of osteoarthritis?
joint edema and aching pain
What does osteoarthritis affect?
- affects weight-bearing joints (vertebrae, hips, knees, and ankles); also hands and fingers
- affects joint with repetitive movement
Where is Heberden’s nodes located?
distal interphalangeal joints
Where are Bouchard’s nodes located?
peripheral interphalangeal joints
What is gout?
a hereditary disorder with increase in serum uric acid due to increased production, or decreased excretion of uric acid and urate salts
What is the cause of gout?
lack of an enzyme needed to completely metabolize purines for renal excretion
What are symptoms of gout?
- erythema and edema of joints
- tophi
- kidney stones
What is tophi?
round, pea-like deposits of uric acid in ear cartilage, or large, irregularly shaped deposits in subcutaneous tissue or other joints
What does the kidney stones come from in gout?
uric acid crystals
What is scoliosis?
S-shaped deformity of vertebrae
What are causes of scoliosis?
- congenital malformations of spine
- neuromuscular diseases
- traumatic injury
- unequal leg length
