Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

name the five classifications of bone

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define synarthrosis, amphiarthroses and diarthrosis with examples

A

synarthroses = immovable joints - e.g. skull bones/ sutures, teeth

amphiarthroses = slightly movable joints - e.g. distal joint between tibia and fibular, pubic symphysis

diarthroses = fully movable joints - e.g. elbow, shoulder, ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe characteristics, functions and give examples for each classification of bone

A

long = cylindrical, longer length than width. facilitate movement - e.g. femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals and phalanges

short = cuboidal, similar width and height. support small movements - e.g. ankle tarsals and wrist carpals

flat = somewhat flattened, slightly thin and curved bones. protect internal organs - e.g. ribs

irregular = no easily characterised shape. no specific function - involved in movement and protecting internal organs - e.g. vertebrae

sesamoid = small and round, embedded in tendons to allow movement - e.g. patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name the three main classifications of joints and their subtypes

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

  1. fibrous - adjacent bones are attached by fibrous tissue providing strength and stability = syndesmoses, sutures and gomphoses
  2. cartilaginous = hyaline/ synchondroses, fibrous/symphyses
  3. synovial - joint cavities are filled with synovial fluid, articulating surface are lined with smooth articular cartilage = ball and socket, saddle, pivot, plane, hinge, condyloid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

three subtypes of fibrous joints?

A

sutures
syndesmosis
gomphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe syndesmoses

A

type of fibrous joint - immovable joints

anchor teeth to the maxilla with periodontal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe sutures

A

type of fibrous joint - immovable

between the skull bones which are initially separated in a baby, and hen grow and ossify with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe syndesmosis

A

slightly movable joints

interosseous membrane - a type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches two parallel bones

e.g. radius and ulnar = allows for supination and pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name the two subtypes of cartilaginous joint

A

hyaline/ synchondroses = primary cartilaginous

fibrous/ symphyses = secondary cartilaginous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe synchondroses/ hyaline cartilage

A

primary cartilaginous, immovable joints

epiphyseal plates in growing joints have hyaline cartilage which gradually matures into bone with linear growth

growth plates fuse once linear growth is done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe symphyses/ fibrous cartilage

A

slightly movable joints

secondary cartilaginous connective tissue - between intervertebral discs allowing for small movements, which translate into twisting and larger movements of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the six subtypes of synovial joint

A

ball and socket
pivot
saddle
hinge
condyloid
plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a synovial joint?

A

synovial joints occur an articulation with smooth articulating tissue encased in synovial fluid

allow for smooth movement and mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe a plane joint

A

gliding movement of bones moving against each other on the same plane

e.g. intervertebral joints, tarsals and carpals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe a ball and socket joint

A

freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis - rounded end of bone articulates with concave socket

e.g. hip and shoulder joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe hinge joint

A

concave and convex bones that move on one axis - flexion and extension

e.g. elbow and finger joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe saddle joint

A

saddle shaped articulating surfaces that allow for flexion and extension, no rotation

e.g. sternum-clavicle joint, carpal-metacarpal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe pivot joint

A

rotating around a single axis, usually held by ligaments

e.g. radio-ulnar joint, pivot joint in neck allowing for rotation of the head

19
Q

describe condyloid joint

A

shallow depression and oval-rounded articulation = allows for circular motion, flexion and extension, no rotation

forward-back and side to side movements

e.g. joint between metacarpals and phalanges

20
Q

what are the functions of cartilage?

A
  • support and posture = can protect internal organs
  • at articular surfaces
  • template for skeleton = endochondral ossification uses hyaline cartilage framework
21
Q

name the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrous
elastic

22
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

primary cartilaginous tissue, most common and the weakest

precursor for bone during endochondral ossification, found at epiphyseal growth plates

has a different structure and organisation when found at articulating surfaces at articular cartilage - e.g. costal cartilage, head of femur

23
Q

describe fibrous cartilage

A

strongest cartilage in the body - in areas that need to withstand lots of force

usually attached to hyaline cartilage, tendons or ligaments

e.g. intervertebral discs, joint capsules, tendon insertions

24
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

abundance of elastic fibres - resilient and flexible

e.g. in outer ear, larynx

25
Q

what are ligaments?

A

fibrous connective tissue attaching bone to bone

stabilises joints and movement, increase muscle attachment area and holds tendons down

26
Q

name & describe the three main types of ligaments, and the two other less grouped types

A

capsular = thickening of fibrous capsule, located in or around joint capsule

extracapsular = outside joint, provides stability to prevent dislocation

intracapsular = inside joint, bathed in synovial fluid

peritoneal ligaments - connect viscera to viscera
periodontal ligaments - connect tooth to alveolar bone of maxilla

27
Q

what is a tendon?

A

dense connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

28
Q

describe tendons

A

high proportion of type 1 collagen for high tensile strength
- transmit mechanical force of muscle to bone

come in different shapes and sizes - thin/flat/thick depending on the shape of muscle and the attachment site to bone

29
Q

what is aponeurosis?

A

thin flat tendon - flat sheet of connective tissue similar to tendons

covers a portion of muscle belly, acts as an insertion site for muscle fibres

30
Q

name the three classifications of muscle based on microstructure

A

cardiac
smooth
skeletal - fast and slow twitch

31
Q

describe skeletal muscle - function? slow and fast twitch fibres?

A

most abundant in the body, attaches to bone for voluntary movement and fast contraction

function: locomotion, maintains posture, changes facial expression, controls movement of substances at internal tracts

speed of contraction varies - divided into slow and fats twitch fibres:
- slow twitch fibres = for slow contractions, anaerobic resp/ oxidative, fatigue resistant
- fast twitch fibres = for big, powerful and quick contractions, fatigue easily, more anaerobic, less blood supply and myoglobin and mitochondria

32
Q

describe smooth muscle? - structure? function? involvement in SA and AV nodes, and heart rhythm?

A

structure: no striations, spindle shaped uni-nuclear cells

rapid, involuntary movement at SA and AV nodes of the heart = allow cells to synchronise activity through intercalated discs/ junctions. smooth muscle cells of the heart contract to their own spontaneous rhythm without external input.

function: contractile component for digestive. urinary. GI systems, airways and arteries

33
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a grouped bundle of muscle fibres - bundled as a unit in muscle

34
Q

name the four classifications for muscles based on orientation

A

circular
convergent
parallel
pennate

35
Q

describe circular orientation for muscles

A

fascicles/ bundled group of muscle fibres arranged in concentric rings - when they contract the opening in the middle constricts and closes

e.g. muscles surrounding mouth

36
Q

describe convergent orientation for muscles

A

broad origin, fascicles converge towards a single tendon

e.g. pec major (chest)

37
Q

describe parallel orientation for muscles

A

fascicles run along a long axis of muscle - can be fusiform or non-fusiform:

fusiform - spindle shaped, wider belly, narrow origins and insertions = e.g. biceps brachii of the arm

non-fusiform - narrow, belt-like, similar width throughout = e.g. sartorius muscle of thigh

38
Q

compare fusiform and non-fusiform

A

fusiform: spindle shaped, wider belly, narrow origins and insertions

non-fusiform: narrow, belt like, same width throughout

39
Q

describe pennate orientation for muscles

A

short fascicles that attach obliquely into a central tendon - can be divided into three subgroups:

  • unipennate = fascicles insert form one side of a tendon
  • bipennate = fascicles insert from opposite sides of a tendon, feather-like appearance
  • multipennate = multiple central tendons with fascicles from either side - converge on one large tendon = like a palm tree
40
Q

what is fascia?

A

thin connective tissue composed of elastin and collage - for strength and flexibility

surrounds muscles organs, blood vessels and nerves

41
Q

functions of fascia?

A

provides structure an support throughout body

holds muscles together, allowing them to contract and stretch

smooth surface for structures to slide against without friction

42
Q

describe fascia involvement in muscle compartments

A

muscle and nerves are wrapped in deep fascia and separated by intermuscular septa - deep fascia dives down to the bone

compartments will have similar functions, usually supplied by the same nerve and artery

43
Q

list the muscle compartments of the upper and lower limbs (arm, forearm, thigh, leg)

A

arm - anterior and posterior, 2
forearm - anterior and posterior, 2

thigh - anterior, posterior and medial, 3
leg - anterior, lateral, superficial and deep posterior, 4

Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions