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Med-Surg > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is Osteoarthritis (OA)?

A

Noninflammatory form of Arthritis. AKA Degenerative joint Disease

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2
Q

What are the risk factors of Osteoarthritis?

A

Age, Female, obesity, occupation, sports, previous injury, and genetics.

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3
Q

What assessment findings will the nurse expect to fine in a patient with Osteoarthritis?

A

Chronic joint pain, stiffness/decreased ROM, crepitus, Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes, joint effusion.

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4
Q

What type of analgesics are used to treat OA?

A

Acetaminophen, and topical drugs- lidocaine 5% patches, salicylates-OTC aspercreme or buspirone.

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5
Q

What are the patient risks/effects of each type of analgesic?

A

Acetaminophen- if taking more than 4000mg daily you are at an increased risk of liver damage.
NSAIDs- can cause severe GI side effects, bleeding, ad acute kidney failure.

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6
Q

What pt. population should not take COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib?

A

Hypertension, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease.

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7
Q

Bending the joint- decreases the angle between the bones.

A

Flexion

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8
Q

Straightening the limb

A

extension

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9
Q

Movement away from midline

A

Abduction

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10
Q

Movement towards the midline

A

Adduction

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11
Q

Movement around a longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

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12
Q

Movement in a circular motion

A

Circumduction

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13
Q

Turning the palm of the hand upwards

A

Supination

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14
Q

Turning the palm of the hand downwards

A

Pronation

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15
Q

Turning the sole of the foot inwards

A

Inversion

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16
Q

Turning the sole of the foot outwards

A

Exersion

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17
Q

Shrugging your shoulder up towards ear

A

Elevation

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18
Q

Shrugging your shoulder downwards

A

Depression

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19
Q

Name the essential components of a neurovascular check/assessment.

A

Color (pallor), temperature (polar), movement (paralysis), sensation (paresthesia), palpation of pulses (pulselessness-weak or absent), and pain (pain present)

6 P’s ( ) indicate neurovascular compromise.

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20
Q

Normal levels of serum calcium

A

9.0-10.5

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21
Q

What does serum calcium levels indicate

A

Indicator of bone density

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22
Q

Hyper- calcium levels indicate?

A

Metastatic cancer, bone fx in healing stage

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23
Q

Hypo- calcium levels indicate?

A

osteoporosis and osteomalacia increased risk of fx,

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24
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

stimulates calcium retention when levels are low.

25
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Helps reduce serum calcium when levels are high through excretion.

26
Q

What helps with the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body?

A

Vitamin D

27
Q

What can cause elevation in creatine kinase?

A

muscle trauma, progressive muscular dystrophy

28
Q

Normal range of phosphorus?

A

3.0-4.5

29
Q

What type of relationship does calcium and phosphorus have?

A

inverse relationship.

30
Q

Bone specific diagnostic lab. Bone, liver, and gallbladder, increases when bone cells are growing or active.

A

Alkaline phosphatase

31
Q

What is a DEXA scan?

A

Dual x-ray absorptiometry- type of scan that measures bone mineral density in the hip, wrist, or vertebral column. Used as a screening tool for diagnosis and follow up of treatment for osteoporosis.

32
Q

What complications are patients at risk for post biopsy?

A

Bleeding at the puncture site, and for tenderness, redness, or warmth that could indicate infection.

33
Q

What is Lordosis? What population might you expect to find it?

A

Large inward sway of the lower back. Common in adults with abdominal obesity.

34
Q

What is Scoliosis? Common population?

A

Lateral curvature of the spine. Common in adolescents.

35
Q

What is Kyphosis? Common population?

A

Outward curvature of the upper back. Common in older women.

36
Q

What are some common changes in the musculoskeletal system related to aging?

A

Decreased bone density, increased bone prominence, kyphotic posture: widened gait, shift in the center of gravity, cartilage degeneration (arthritis), decreased ROM, muscle atrophy, decreased strength, slowed movement.

37
Q

What are some of the primary symptoms of Muscular Dystrophies?

A

Progressive muscle weakness, wasting of skeletal or voluntary muscle groups, and increase serum muscle enzyme levels.

38
Q

What are the primary causes of mortality with Muscular Dystrophies?

A

Respiratory failure and cardiac failure.

39
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A chronic disease of cellular regulation in which bone loss causes significant decreased density and possible fracture.

40
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Low bone mass

41
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?/

A

genetics, postmenopausal women, low calcium in diet, carbonated and caffeinated beverages-calcium loss, low vitamin D levels, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol and tobacco use.

42
Q

What are assessment findings common for osteoporosis patients?

A

fragility factures, dowager’s hump (kyphosis), loss of height, pain with lifting, bending, stooping.

43
Q

What are important pt. teaching points regarding pt. safety and prevention of falls/fx in a pt with osteoporosis?

A

The importance of nutritional therapy, exercise, lifestyle changes, and drug therapy to slow the bone resorption and form new bone tissue.

44
Q

What enhances the absorption of calcium

A

Vitamin D

45
Q

What are pts at risk of developing when taking a calcium supplement?

A

Hypercalcemia

46
Q

Who should not take bisphosphonates?

A

Patients who are sensitive to aspirin

47
Q

What is a serious side effected of bisphosphonates?

A

Esophagitis, esophageal ulcers, and gastric ulcers.

48
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

loss of bone due to vitamin D deficiency

49
Q

What is the treatment of osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D supplement, sunlight exposure

50
Q

What is Paget’s Disease?

A

Bone is excessively broken down and recycled (osteoclastic) and reformed/built (osteoblastic)

51
Q

What are common assessment findings in Paget’s disease?

A

Hx of fragility fx (femur and humerus) bone pain, bow legged appearance.

52
Q

What are common causes of osteomyelitis?

A

Urinary tract infections, long term IV catheters, long term hemodialysis and IV drug users, poor dental hygiene and gum infections, salmonelle infections of the GI tract, MRSA, penetrating trauma.

53
Q

How is osteomyelitis treated?

A

Antibiotics (4-6 weeks), opioid analgesia, and surgical intervention

54
Q

What is “total joint arthroplasty?

A

surgical procedure when arthric joints are removed and replaced with prosthesis joints.

55
Q

What is the special positioning for a patient following total hip replacement?

A

Do not adduct from the body, keep in alignment, cushion the heel to prevent sores.

56
Q

What anticoagulants might help reduce risk of thromboembolism?

A

Heparin and warfarin

57
Q

Antidote of heparin

A

Protamine sulfate

58
Q

Antidote of warfarin

A

vitamin k

59
Q

What is the purpose of ta continuous passive motion machine

A

a device that slowly and gently moves your joint would your in bed.

Med-Surg (5 decks)

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