Musculo-Skeletal Flashcards
Name some of the main ECM components
Water, proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans.
Name the four types of tissue
Epithelial, nervous, connective, muscular
ECF total water volume?
Two thirds
ICF water content
One third
Give a definition for homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions in the face of internal or external change.
ECF and ICF values for Na+
135-145 and 10
ECF concentration for Ca2+
2-2.5
Fasting and non fasting blood glucose levels
3.5-6, 3.5-8
Cl- ECF and ICF concentrations
104 and 4
ECF and ICF values for K+
3.5-5 and 150
Four Human tissue act clauses
- Voluntary donation of bodies
- Deceased’s wishes can be overridden
- Indefinite length to hold body
- Avoid unnecessary mutilation of body
Define isoosmotic
Same number of dissolved particles
Define isotonic
No net water movement
What would a lack of potassium give rise to?
Muscle weakness and arrhythmias
What are the four parts of the homeostasis loop.
Controlled variable, sensor, integration centre, effector
What are the five functions of skeletal muscle?
Support, movement, protection, storage, erythropoiesis
Structure of short bone
Cuboidal, lots of cancellous bone.
Function and structure of long bones.
Lever, have epiphyses and diaphysis.
Function of flat bones.
Protection, muscle attachment.
Function of compact bone
Strength (pillar)
Function of cancellous bone?
Shock absorption.
How many of each type of vertebrae are there?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
How many of each bone type on the hand?
8 carpal, 5 metacarpal, 3 phalanges except thumb which has 2.
How many of each bone type is there on the foot?
7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal, 3 phalanges except the big toe which has 2
What is the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Blasts build class destroy.
What is the ECM proportion of bone, inorganic and organic?
One third organic, two thirds inorganic.
Organic contains a ground substance of what?
Proteoglycans.
The inorganic part of bone is made up of what?
Hydroxyapatite
What do organic and inorganic parts of bone do?
Organic tensile strength and inorganic compression resistance.
Four stages of Haemorrhage
Clot formation
HR increase and vasoconstriction
Blood volume restored
RBC count restored.
What are the components of an osteon?
Made up of lamellae, with osteocytes housed in lacunae, connected to each other via canaliculi. The central canal houses the veins, arteries and nerves.
Contrast cancellous and compact bone
Cancellous has holes and contains trabeculae which are aligned to help distribute force.
Compact is hard and….. Compact.
What is the middle of the bone called?
Medullary cavity
What are the primary and secondary centres of bone growth?
Primary is found in the diaphysis, grow in length, secondary is found in epiphyses, appear postnatal/as an adolescent.
What occurs in an osteoporotic individual? And why?
The osteoclastic activity outweighs the osteoblastic activity, resulting in the loss of cancellous bone volume.
Results from ageing, menopause, low calcium, smoking, lack of physical activity.
What is the recovery process after a bone fracture?
Haemotoma, phagocytes respond to clear up debris.
Capillaries grow into the broken area to restore blood supply.
Collagen fibres secreted by fibroblasts and cartilage by condroblasts, creating a fibrocartilagenous callus.
Osteoblasts form a bony callus by ossifying the soft callus.
The bone is remodelled over time.
What are the three fracture types?
Closed
Open
Greenstick
Three main functions of joints
Hold bones
Facilitate or restrict movement
Shock absorption
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Where bones meet, covers bones when they move. Called articulate cartilage too.
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Associated around joints, bundles of collagen fibres
Role of hyaline cartilage
Resists compression. (Low collagen, high water content)
Role of fibrocartilage
Resist compression and tension. (Form bundles of collagen, orientated with stress)
What are menisci made of?
Fibrocartilage
What is the point of menisci?
Increases bony congruence - the sum of the bone surfaces which form an articulation.
What are ligaments and tendons made form? And what are each of these?
DFCT
Ligaments connect bone to bone
Tendons connect muscle to bone
What are the types of synovial joints?
Hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoid, condylar, plane, ball and socket
Hinge joint movement and example
Flexion/extension
Elbow
Pivot joint movement and example
Rotation
Radioulnar, C1-C2
Saddle joint movement and example
Abduction/adduction Flexion/extension Rotation Circumduction Thumb (carpometacarpal)
Ellipsoid joint movement and example
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Circumduction
Wrist
Condylar joint movement and example
Flexion/extension
Rotation
Knee
Plane joint movement and example
Sliding and gliding
Inter carpal/tarsal
Ball and socket joint movement and example
All movements
Shoulder and Hip
What are bursa?
Fluid filled sacs which reduce friction
What three factors dictate Range of Movement?
Bone length and shape
Ligament locate and length
Body surface contact
Where does the ACL run?
Anterior of the tibia - posterior humerus.
Describe the synovial joint structure
Free moving joints of limbs
Complex association of tissues and structures
Facilitation of free movement and control of movement
Describe the synovial joint function
Bone end shape determines range of movement
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid, lubricates the joint.
What movements do the ACL, PCL, MCL, and PCL restrict?
ACL posterior
PCL anterior
MCL Abduction
LCL adduction
Where are fibrous joints found and what are they made of?
DFCT, cranial sutures
What are cartilaginous joints made o and where are they found?
Fibrocartilage, found in the pubic symphysis
What are the four main muscle functions?
Movement, posture, heat, communication
What is the structure of muscle down to the actin and myosin?
Fascia, epimysium, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, myocyte, myofibril, made of myofilaments; actin and myosin.
What is troponin?
The blob/binding site for Ca2+
What is the role of tropomyosin?
Is the long, linear molecule which moves to reveal the cave site of actin.
What are the main features of the myocyte?
Sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic Reticulum T tubule Sarcomere Z-line
What factors of muscle form contribute to force of contraction?
Length of fibres
Arrangement (pennate etc)
Number of fibres
What factors of the motor unit contribute to force of contraction?
Number recruited
Firing rate
Branches
What is concentric contraction?
Agonistic movement
Shortening
What is isometric contraction
No movement
Stabilisation
What is the role of eccentric contraction?
Antagonistic movement
Lengthening
What is the role of a neutraliser?
Stops movements like supination.
What are the attachment sites of the deltoid muscle? What is the main movement?
Pectoral girdle and the shaft of the humerus. Abduction
Acronym for the muscle movements?
Pe Lab
Posterior extension
Lateral abduction
Medial adduction
Anterior flexion
Main movements of the biceps brachii and attachment sites?
Scapula for the long arm and humerus for the short arm and radial tuberosity. Elbow flexion, radioulnar supination.
Attachments and movements of the triceps brachii?
Scapula and humerus attachment proximally, ulna distally. Elbow extension.
Illiopsoas attachments and movements, and what muscles is it made up of?
T-12 to L-5 vertebrae attachment and femur. Hip flexion. Made of the psoas major, psoas minor, illiacus.
What are the attachments and movement of the gluteus maximus?
Attachment at pelvis and femur, hip extension.
What muscles make up the hamstrings, and what is the main movement?
Flexion of knee, rotation when flexed.
Made of biceps femoris (lateral), semi membranosis, semi tendinosus (lateral).
What are the attachments and movements and muscle groups of the quadriceps femoris?
Attached at the femur and tibia. Extension of the knee.
Made up of the rictus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medial is, vastus lateralis.
What are the attachments and movement of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion of the ankle. Attached at the tibial tuberosity and tarsals.
What are the attachments and movement of the triceps surae? And the muscle groups?
Attached at the femoral condyles, tibia, fibula and tarsals. Movement is plantarflexion. Made up of the gastrocnemius and the soleus.
What are the percentages of stance and swing phase of the gait cycle?
60% stance
40% swing
What is the acronym for the gait cycle?
FED EEN(antagonist) EP(f)P Toe off EP(f)P FP(e)D FED heel strike
