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HUBS 191 > Musculo-Skeletal > Flashcards

Musculo-Skeletal Flashcards

0
Q

Name some of the main ECM components

A

Water, proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans.

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1
Q

Name the four types of tissue

A

Epithelial, nervous, connective, muscular

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2
Q

ECF total water volume?

A

Two thirds

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3
Q

ICF water content

A

One third

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4
Q

Give a definition for homeostasis

A

The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions in the face of internal or external change.

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5
Q

ECF and ICF values for Na+

A

135-145 and 10

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6
Q

ECF concentration for Ca2+

A

2-2.5

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7
Q

Fasting and non fasting blood glucose levels

A

3.5-6, 3.5-8

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8
Q

Cl- ECF and ICF concentrations

A

104 and 4

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9
Q

ECF and ICF values for K+

A

3.5-5 and 150

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10
Q

Four Human tissue act clauses

A
  1. Voluntary donation of bodies
  2. Deceased’s wishes can be overridden
  3. Indefinite length to hold body
  4. Avoid unnecessary mutilation of body
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11
Q

Define isoosmotic

A

Same number of dissolved particles

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12
Q

Define isotonic

A

No net water movement

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13
Q

What would a lack of potassium give rise to?

A

Muscle weakness and arrhythmias

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14
Q

What are the four parts of the homeostasis loop.

A

Controlled variable, sensor, integration centre, effector

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15
Q

What are the five functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Support, movement, protection, storage, erythropoiesis

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16
Q

Structure of short bone

A

Cuboidal, lots of cancellous bone.

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17
Q

Function and structure of long bones.

A

Lever, have epiphyses and diaphysis.

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18
Q

Function of flat bones.

A

Protection, muscle attachment.

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19
Q

Function of compact bone

A

Strength (pillar)

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20
Q

Function of cancellous bone?

A

Shock absorption.

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21
Q

How many of each type of vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.

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22
Q

How many of each bone type on the hand?

A

8 carpal, 5 metacarpal, 3 phalanges except thumb which has 2.

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23
Q

How many of each bone type is there on the foot?

A

7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal, 3 phalanges except the big toe which has 2

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24
Q

What is the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

A

Blasts build class destroy.

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25
Q

What is the ECM proportion of bone, inorganic and organic?

A

One third organic, two thirds inorganic.

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26
Q

Organic contains a ground substance of what?

A

Proteoglycans.

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27
Q

The inorganic part of bone is made up of what?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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28
Q

What do organic and inorganic parts of bone do?

A

Organic tensile strength and inorganic compression resistance.

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29
Q

Four stages of Haemorrhage

A

Clot formation
HR increase and vasoconstriction
Blood volume restored
RBC count restored.

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30
Q

What are the components of an osteon?

A

Made up of lamellae, with osteocytes housed in lacunae, connected to each other via canaliculi. The central canal houses the veins, arteries and nerves.

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31
Q

Contrast cancellous and compact bone

A

Cancellous has holes and contains trabeculae which are aligned to help distribute force.
Compact is hard and….. Compact.

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32
Q

What is the middle of the bone called?

A

Medullary cavity

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33
Q

What are the primary and secondary centres of bone growth?

A

Primary is found in the diaphysis, grow in length, secondary is found in epiphyses, appear postnatal/as an adolescent.

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34
Q

What occurs in an osteoporotic individual? And why?

A

The osteoclastic activity outweighs the osteoblastic activity, resulting in the loss of cancellous bone volume.
Results from ageing, menopause, low calcium, smoking, lack of physical activity.

35
Q

What is the recovery process after a bone fracture?

A

Haemotoma, phagocytes respond to clear up debris.

Capillaries grow into the broken area to restore blood supply.

Collagen fibres secreted by fibroblasts and cartilage by condroblasts, creating a fibrocartilagenous callus.

Osteoblasts form a bony callus by ossifying the soft callus.

The bone is remodelled over time.

36
Q

What are the three fracture types?

A

Closed
Open
Greenstick

37
Q

Three main functions of joints

A

Hold bones
Facilitate or restrict movement
Shock absorption

38
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Where bones meet, covers bones when they move. Called articulate cartilage too.

39
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Associated around joints, bundles of collagen fibres

40
Q

Role of hyaline cartilage

A

Resists compression. (Low collagen, high water content)

41
Q

Role of fibrocartilage

A

Resist compression and tension. (Form bundles of collagen, orientated with stress)

42
Q

What are menisci made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

43
Q

What is the point of menisci?

A

Increases bony congruence - the sum of the bone surfaces which form an articulation.

44
Q

What are ligaments and tendons made form? And what are each of these?

A

DFCT
Ligaments connect bone to bone
Tendons connect muscle to bone

45
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoid, condylar, plane, ball and socket

46
Q

Hinge joint movement and example

A

Flexion/extension

Elbow

47
Q

Pivot joint movement and example

A

Rotation

Radioulnar, C1-C2

48
Q

Saddle joint movement and example

A 
Abduction/adduction
Flexion/extension
Rotation
Circumduction
Thumb (carpometacarpal)
49
Q

Ellipsoid joint movement and example

A

Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Circumduction
Wrist

50
Q

Condylar joint movement and example

A

Flexion/extension
Rotation
Knee

51
Q

Plane joint movement and example

A

Sliding and gliding

Inter carpal/tarsal

52
Q

Ball and socket joint movement and example

A

All movements

Shoulder and Hip

53
Q

What are bursa?

A

Fluid filled sacs which reduce friction

54
Q

What three factors dictate Range of Movement?

A

Bone length and shape
Ligament locate and length
Body surface contact

55
Q

Where does the ACL run?

A

Anterior of the tibia - posterior humerus.

56
Q

Describe the synovial joint structure

A

Free moving joints of limbs
Complex association of tissues and structures
Facilitation of free movement and control of movement

57
Q

Describe the synovial joint function

A

Bone end shape determines range of movement

58
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid, lubricates the joint.

59
Q

What movements do the ACL, PCL, MCL, and PCL restrict?

A

ACL posterior
PCL anterior
MCL Abduction
LCL adduction

60
Q

Where are fibrous joints found and what are they made of?

A

DFCT, cranial sutures

61
Q

What are cartilaginous joints made o and where are they found?

A

Fibrocartilage, found in the pubic symphysis

62
Q

What are the four main muscle functions?

A

Movement, posture, heat, communication

63
Q

What is the structure of muscle down to the actin and myosin?

A

Fascia, epimysium, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, myocyte, myofibril, made of myofilaments; actin and myosin.

64
Q

What is troponin?

A

The blob/binding site for Ca2+

65
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin?

A

Is the long, linear molecule which moves to reveal the cave site of actin.

66
Q

What are the main features of the myocyte?

A 
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
T tubule
Sarcomere
Z-line
67
Q

What factors of muscle form contribute to force of contraction?

A

Length of fibres
Arrangement (pennate etc)
Number of fibres

68
Q

What factors of the motor unit contribute to force of contraction?

A

Number recruited
Firing rate
Branches

69
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Agonistic movement

Shortening

70
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

No movement

Stabilisation

71
Q

What is the role of eccentric contraction?

A

Antagonistic movement

Lengthening

72
Q

What is the role of a neutraliser?

A

Stops movements like supination.

73
Q

What are the attachment sites of the deltoid muscle? What is the main movement?

A

Pectoral girdle and the shaft of the humerus. Abduction

74
Q

Acronym for the muscle movements?

A

Pe Lab

Posterior extension
Lateral abduction
Medial adduction
Anterior flexion

75
Q

Main movements of the biceps brachii and attachment sites?

A

Scapula for the long arm and humerus for the short arm and radial tuberosity. Elbow flexion, radioulnar supination.

76
Q

Attachments and movements of the triceps brachii?

A

Scapula and humerus attachment proximally, ulna distally. Elbow extension.

77
Q

Illiopsoas attachments and movements, and what muscles is it made up of?

A

T-12 to L-5 vertebrae attachment and femur. Hip flexion. Made of the psoas major, psoas minor, illiacus.

78
Q

What are the attachments and movement of the gluteus maximus?

A

Attachment at pelvis and femur, hip extension.

79
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings, and what is the main movement?

A

Flexion of knee, rotation when flexed.

Made of biceps femoris (lateral), semi membranosis, semi tendinosus (lateral).

80
Q

What are the attachments and movements and muscle groups of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Attached at the femur and tibia. Extension of the knee.

Made up of the rictus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medial is, vastus lateralis.

81
Q

What are the attachments and movement of the tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion of the ankle. Attached at the tibial tuberosity and tarsals.

82
Q

What are the attachments and movement of the triceps surae? And the muscle groups?

A

Attached at the femoral condyles, tibia, fibula and tarsals. Movement is plantarflexion. Made up of the gastrocnemius and the soleus.

83
Q

What are the percentages of stance and swing phase of the gait cycle?

A

60% stance

40% swing

84
Q

What is the acronym for the gait cycle?

A

FED EEN(antagonist) EP(f)P Toe off EP(f)P FP(e)D FED heel strike

HUBS 191 (5 decks)

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