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HUBS 191 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

What are the main glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Gland
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1
Q

General functions of the endocrine system!

A

Homeostasis
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction

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2
Q

How do you change the target cell sensitivity?

A

Change the amount of surface receptors

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3
Q

Describe water soluble hormones

A 
Peptide hormones
Catecholamines
2nd messenger
Quick
Dissolved in blood (Bar GH)
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4
Q

Describe lipid soluble hormones

A 
Steroid made on demand
Thyroid Hormone stored
Alter gene transcription
Cytoplasmic/nucleus receptors
Carrier proteins
Slow acting
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5
Q

What are the names of the two main hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Supra optic and para ventricular

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6
Q

What is another name for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

Adeno and neuro hypophysis

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7
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled?

A

Blood vessel control

Hypothalamus releases inhibiting or releasing hormones

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8
Q

How is the posterior pituitary gland controlled?

A

Hormones made in neuron soma travel to synapse where they await release.

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9
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

ADH - kidneys absorb water via aquaporin production
Oxytocin - uterine contraction in childbirth
- milk release during breastfeeding

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10
Q

Are pituitary hormones water or lipid soluble?

A

Water soluble

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11
Q

What is the pathway for milk synthesis and breast development?

A

PIH (Dopamine) inhibits prolactin

Prolactin stimulates PIH

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12
Q

What’s the hormonal pathway for growth hormone?

A

SS inhibits GH
GHRH stimulates GH
GH increases protein synthesis, blood glucose, fat breakdown
The liver is stimulated to produce IGF-1 which encourages tissue growth via cell division.
IGF-1 stimulates SS and inhibits GHRH

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13
Q

What are the affects of insulin and where is it produced?

A

Beta cells produce, increases muscle (glycogen and protein synthesis) and fat uptake of glucose
Liver uptakes glucose and stores as glycogen and fat.

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14
Q

Function and origin of glucagon?

A

Alpha cells, liver cells break down glycogen to glucose and ketones

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15
Q

What hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

16
Q

What hormone is produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenalin

17
Q

What is the control pathway of cortisol?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Cortisol

18
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

Muscle breakdown, fat breakdown
Less glucose uptake
Liver breaks down glycogen
Inhibits immune system

19
Q

What are the effects of adrenalin?

A

Glycogen to glucose

Fat to fatty acids

20
Q

What is the activation pathway for thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroid releasing hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid hormone

21
Q

What cells produce thyroid hormone?

A

Follicular cells

22
Q

What is the active and inactive form of thyroid hormone?

A

T3 is active, less is produced

T4 is not active, more is produced

23
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone?

A

Metabolism rate
Fat and glucose breakdown
Growth

24
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

C cells/para follicular cells

25
Q

What type of hormone is thyroid hormone?

A

Lipid soluble

26
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin?

A

Less bone breakdown

Lowered calcium levels

27
Q

What are the basal conditions?

A 
Awake
Physical and mental rest
Lying down
No muscle movement
Comfortable temperature
Has fasted for 12 to 18 hours
28
Q

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?

A

Kidneys absorb more calcium, vitamin D causes uptake in gut

Bone is broken down

29
Q

What is the condition of too much GH?

A

Gigantism

Acromegaly - tissue thickening in face/limbs

30
Q

What is the condition of too little GH?

A

Dwarfism

31
Q

What is the condition of no insulin?

A

Diabetes
Either no Beta cells
Or poor insulin reception

32
Q

What is the condition of too much cortisol?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

Weight gain high BG, high BP

33
Q

Whatnots the condition of too little cortisol?

A

Addison’s disease
Low cortisol increases ACTH, leading to melanin production
Low BP, weight loss, low blood glucose

34
Q

What is the disease of too much thyroid hormone?

A 
Graves' disease
High metabolic rate
Weight loss
Heat intolerant
Nervousness
Increased HR
35
Q

What is the condition of too little thyroid hormone?

A 
Myxedema and cretinism
Low metabolic rate
Weight gain
Cold intolerant
Lethargic
Growth retarded
Slow heart rate
36
Q

What results from low iodine levels?

A

Goitre

HUBS 191 (5 decks)

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