Endocrine Flashcards
What are the main glands?
Hypothalamus Pituitary Pancreas Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Gland
General functions of the endocrine system!
Homeostasis
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction
How do you change the target cell sensitivity?
Change the amount of surface receptors
Describe water soluble hormones
Peptide hormones Catecholamines 2nd messenger Quick Dissolved in blood (Bar GH)
Describe lipid soluble hormones
Steroid made on demand Thyroid Hormone stored Alter gene transcription Cytoplasmic/nucleus receptors Carrier proteins Slow acting
What are the names of the two main hypothalamic nuclei?
Supra optic and para ventricular
What is another name for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
Adeno and neuro hypophysis
How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled?
Blood vessel control
Hypothalamus releases inhibiting or releasing hormones
How is the posterior pituitary gland controlled?
Hormones made in neuron soma travel to synapse where they await release.
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?
ADH - kidneys absorb water via aquaporin production
Oxytocin - uterine contraction in childbirth
- milk release during breastfeeding
Are pituitary hormones water or lipid soluble?
Water soluble
What is the pathway for milk synthesis and breast development?
PIH (Dopamine) inhibits prolactin
Prolactin stimulates PIH
What’s the hormonal pathway for growth hormone?
SS inhibits GH
GHRH stimulates GH
GH increases protein synthesis, blood glucose, fat breakdown
The liver is stimulated to produce IGF-1 which encourages tissue growth via cell division.
IGF-1 stimulates SS and inhibits GHRH
What are the affects of insulin and where is it produced?
Beta cells produce, increases muscle (glycogen and protein synthesis) and fat uptake of glucose
Liver uptakes glucose and stores as glycogen and fat.
Function and origin of glucagon?
Alpha cells, liver cells break down glycogen to glucose and ketones
What hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
What hormone is produced in the adrenal medulla?
Adrenalin
What is the control pathway of cortisol?
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Cortisol
What are the effects of cortisol?
Muscle breakdown, fat breakdown
Less glucose uptake
Liver breaks down glycogen
Inhibits immune system
What are the effects of adrenalin?
Glycogen to glucose
Fat to fatty acids
What is the activation pathway for thyroid hormone?
Thyroid releasing hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid hormone
What cells produce thyroid hormone?
Follicular cells
What is the active and inactive form of thyroid hormone?
T3 is active, less is produced
T4 is not active, more is produced
What are the effects of thyroid hormone?
Metabolism rate
Fat and glucose breakdown
Growth
Where is calcitonin produced?
C cells/para follicular cells
What type of hormone is thyroid hormone?
Lipid soluble
What are the effects of calcitonin?
Less bone breakdown
Lowered calcium levels
What are the basal conditions?
Awake Physical and mental rest Lying down No muscle movement Comfortable temperature Has fasted for 12 to 18 hours
What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?
Kidneys absorb more calcium, vitamin D causes uptake in gut
Bone is broken down
What is the condition of too much GH?
Gigantism
Acromegaly - tissue thickening in face/limbs
What is the condition of too little GH?
Dwarfism
What is the condition of no insulin?
Diabetes
Either no Beta cells
Or poor insulin reception
What is the condition of too much cortisol?
Cushing’s syndrome
Weight gain high BG, high BP
Whatnots the condition of too little cortisol?
Addison’s disease
Low cortisol increases ACTH, leading to melanin production
Low BP, weight loss, low blood glucose
What is the disease of too much thyroid hormone?
Graves' disease High metabolic rate Weight loss Heat intolerant Nervousness Increased HR
What is the condition of too little thyroid hormone?
Myxedema and cretinism Low metabolic rate Weight gain Cold intolerant Lethargic Growth retarded Slow heart rate
What results from low iodine levels?
Goitre
