Muscularskeletal system flashcards
What are alveoli and where are they found?
They are small air sacs that are found in the lungs. Gaseous exchange takes place here.
Diffusion pathway
The distance travelled during diffusion.
Exhalation/Expiration
Breathing out
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after normal expiration.
This decreases during exercise.
Gaseous Exchange
The process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air in the alveoli.
Inspiration/Inhalation
the process of breathing in
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after normal breathing. This decreases during exercise.
Maximal heart rate
Calculated by: 220-age
hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries.
heart chambers
They include the right and left atria and ventricles.
heart attack
It occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked.
backflow
The flowing backwards of blood.
Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards in veins.
blood pressure
The pressure that blood is under.
systolic blood pressure
Systolic pressure is the pressure the blood is under when the heart contracts
diastolic blood pressure
diastolic pressure is the pressure the blood is under when the heart relaxes.
capillaries
A network of blood vessels. They are only one cell thick.
cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
Cardiac Output =
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Cardio-Respiratory System
When the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together.
diastole
The phase of a heart beat when the chambers relax and fill with blood.
heamoglobin
The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body.
heart rate
The number of times your heart beats in one minute.
antagonist
The muscle or group of muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place. The antagonist works in pairs with the agonist.
agonist
Muscle or group responsible for the movement.
adduction
Movement of a bone or limb towards
the midline of the body.
abduction
Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body.
extension
Increase in the angle of bones at a joint.
flexion
Decrease in the angle of the bones at a joint
synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid
provides lubrication
joint capsule
encloses/supports bursae (sacks of fluid) – reduce friction
cartilage
prevents friction/bones rubbing together
ligaments
attach bone to bone
synovial joint
An area of the body where two or more bones meet (articulate) to allow a range of movements. The ends of the bones are covered in articular cartilage and are enclosed in a capsule filled with fluid.
skeletal system
Skeletal system provides a framework of bones for movement, in conjunction with the muscular system.
rotation
movement around an axis
plantar flexion
Pointing the toes at the ankle/increasing the ankle angle
dorsi flexion
Toes up at the ankle/decreasing the ankle angle.
isotonic contraction
Muscle contraction that results in limb movement
concentric contracion
Shortening of the muscle
eccentric contraction
Lengthening of the muscle.
hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cell.
articulating bones
Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement.
