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Muscles 1 > Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

what is the location of skeletal muscle?

A

On the bones

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3
Q

What is the function of skeletal tissue?

A

Move Bones

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4
Q

what is the appearance of muscular tissue?

A

Multi-nucleated and striated

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5
Q

what is the control of skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary

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6
Q

what is the location of cardiac muscle?

A

Heart

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7
Q

what is the function of cardiac tissue?

A

pump blood

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8
Q

What is the appearance of cardiac tissue

A

one nucleus striated and intercalated discs

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9
Q

what is the control of cardiac tissue

A

involuntary

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10
Q

what is the location of (visceral) Smooth muscle tissue?

A

various organs, GI tract

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11
Q

what is the function of smooth tissue?

A

various, peristalsis

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12
Q

what is the appearance of smooth tissue?

A

one nucleus and no striations

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13
Q

what is the control of smooth tissue?

A

involuntary

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14
Q

what is the overall function of muscular tissue?

A

producing body movements
stabilizing body positions
storing and mobilizing substance within the body
generating heat

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15
Q

what are the properties of muscular tissue?

A

Electrical excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

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16
Q

how are muscles formed?

A

the fusion of myoblasts into skeletal muscle fibre

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17
Q

what are the components of a Sarcomere?

A

Z discs
A band
I band
H zone
M line

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18
Q

describe the Z discs

A

Narrow plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next

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19
Q

describe A band

A

dark middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments

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20
Q

describe I band

A

Lighter less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filament but no thick filaments , A Z disc passes through centre of each I band

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21
Q

describe H zone

A

narrow region in centre of each A band that contains thick filaments but not thin filaments

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22
Q

describe M line

A

region in centre if H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at centre of sacromere

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23
Q

what are the contractile muscle proteins?

A

Myosin
Actin

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24
Q

what are the regulatory muscle proteins?

A

Troponin
Tropomyosin

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25
Q

what are the structural muscle proteins?

A

Titin
Nebulin
Alpha-Actin
Myomesin
Dystrophin

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26
Q

what do the contractile proteins do?

A

Generate force during muscle contractions

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27
Q

describe Myosin

A

Contractile protein that makes up thick filament, consist of a tail and 2 myosin heads

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28
Q

describe Actin

A

Contractile protein that is the main component of thin filament, each actin molecule has a myosin binding site where myosin head of thick filament binds during muscle contraction

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29
Q

what do Regulatory Proteins do?

A

Proteins that help switch muscle contraction on and off

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30
Q

describe Tropomyosin

A

reg protein that is a component of thin filament, when skeletal muscle fibre is relaxed, tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin

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31
Q

describe Troponin

A

Reg protein that is a component of thin filament, when calcium ions bind to troponin, it changes shape, this moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin

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32
Q

What do Structural Proteins do?

A

Proteins that keep thick and thin filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment, give myofibrils elasticity and extensibility and link myofibrils to sarcolemma and extracellular matrix

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33
Q

describe Titin

A

Structural protein that connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere, thereby helping to stabilize thick filament positions, can stretch and then spring back unharmed, and thus accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils.

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34
Q

Describe Alpha-Actinin

A

Structural Protein of Z discs that attaches to actin molecules of thin filaments and to titan molecules

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35
Q

Describe Myomesin

A

Structural Protein that forms M line of sarcomere, binds to titan molecules and connects adjacent thick filaments to one another

36
Q

Describe Dystrophin

A

Structural protein that links thin filament of sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in sarcolemma, which are attached in turn to proteins in connective tissue matrix that surrounds muscle fibers, thought to help reinforce sarcolemma and help transit tension generated by sarcomeres to tendons

37
Q

what are thin filaments?

A

Actin

38
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

Myosin

39
Q

what are the levels of organization of skeletal muscle? (Outside-Inside)

A

Skeletal Muscle
Fascicle
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
Filament

40
Q

Describe Skeletal Muscle

A

organ made up of fascicles that contain muscle fibres, blood vessels and nerves, wrapped in epimysium

41
Q

Describe Fascicle

A

Bundle of muscle fibres wrapped in perimysium

42
Q

Describe Muscle Fiber

A

Long cylindrical cell covered by endomysium and scarolemma, contains sarcoplasm myofibrils, many peripherally located nuclei, mitochondria, transverse tubules, SR and terminal cisterns, the fibre has a striated appearance

43
Q

describe Myofibril

A

Threadlike contractile elements within Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extends entire length of fibre, composed of filaments

44
Q

Describe Filaments

A

contractile proteins within myofibrils that are of 2 types, thick filaments composed of myosin and thin filaments composed of actin, tropomyosin and troponin, sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments produces muscle shortening

45
Q

what produces muscle shortening?

A

Sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments

46
Q

what is the length tension relationship?

A

The force of a muscle contraction depends on the length of the sarcomeres in a muscle prior to contraction

47
Q

How do muscles derive the ATP necessary to power the contraction cycle?

A

Creatine phospate
Anaerobic glycolysis
Cellular Respiration

48
Q

describe Creatine Phosphate

A

creatine kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from CP to ADP to rapidly yield ATP

49
Q

describe Anaerobic Glycolysis`

A

When CP stores are depleted, glucose is converted into pyretic acid to generate ATP

50
Q

describe cellular respiration

A

under aerobic conditions, pyretic acid can enter the mitochondria and undergo a series of O2 requiring reactions to generate large amounts of ATP

51
Q

how long does the energy from CP last?

A

15 seconds

52
Q

how long does energy last from Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

2 minutes

53
Q

how long does energy last from cellular respiration?

A

several minutes to hours

54
Q

what is muscle fatigue?

A

is the inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity

55
Q

what causes the onset of muscle fatigue?

A

Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR
Depletion of CP, O2 and nutrients
Build up of lactic acid and ADP
Insufficiant release of ACh at NMJ

56
Q

what is central fatigue?

A

occurs due to changes in the central nervous system and generally results in cessation of exercise

57
Q

what does extra O2 go to after exercise?

A

Replenishing CP stores
Converting lactic acid to pyruvate
Reloading O2 onto myoglobin

58
Q

what does the strength of a muscle contraction depend on?

A

how many motor units are activated

59
Q

what does a motor unit consist of?

A

a somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates

60
Q

what is motor unit recruitment?

A

is the process in which the number of active motor units increases

61
Q

what is a twitch contraction

A

The brief contraction of all muscle fibres in a motor unit response to a single action potential.

62
Q

what are the steps of the twitch contraction?

A

latent period
contraction period
relaxation period
refractory period

63
Q

what is isotonic contractions?

A

tension is constant while muscle length changes (moves)
concentric
eccentric

64
Q

what is isometric contractions?

A

muscle contracts but does not change length (Doesn’t Move)

65
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

part of cardiac muscle, the contain desmosomes and gap junctions that allow muscle action potentials to spread from one muscle fibre to another

66
Q

what does cardiac muscle have more of than skeletal muscle?

A

Mitochondria, their contractions last up to 10-15 times longer than skeletal.

67
Q
A
68
Q

Describe Electrical Exciteablility

A

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials

69
Q

Describe Contractility

A

Ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully which stimulated by nerve impulses

70
Q

Describe extensibility

A

Ability of muscular tissue to stretch within limits without being damaged

71
Q

What limits the muscles range of stretch?

A

Connective tissue

72
Q

Describe elasticity

A

Ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction

73
Q

What is the hypodermic composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

74
Q

What does the hypodermis provide?

A

Pathway for nerves blood vessels and lymph vessels to enter and exit muscles

75
Q

What does the adipose tissue store

A

Tryglycerides

76
Q

What does the adipose tissue serve as?

A

Insulating layer, reduces heat loss and protects muscles from physical trauma

77
Q

What is fascia

A

Dense sheet of connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supposed and surrounds muscles and other organs

78
Q

What is the epimysium

A

Outer layer encircling the entire muscle, consists of dense irregular connective tissue

79
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers, making bundles called muscle fascicles

80
Q

What is the endomysium

A

Penetrates the interior of each muscle fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another

81
Q

What neurons stimulate skeletal muscle to contract

A

Somatic motor neurons

82
Q

Which proteins connect into Z disc?

A

Titian and nebulin

83
Q

Which proteins are present in the A band?

A

Myosin

84
Q

What protein is present in I Band

A

Actin

85
Q

What happens to the I band and the H zone as muscles contract

A

They get shorter

Muscles 1 (4 decks)

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