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Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of a muscle cell to shorten in length is called

A

Contractility

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2
Q

The ability to received and respond to stimulus is

A

Excitability

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3
Q

The ability of a muscle cell to stretch is

A

Extensibility

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4
Q

The ability of a cell to return to its resting form after stretching is called

A

Elasticity

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5
Q

The type of muscle tissue found in the muscular system is

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

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6
Q

The connective tissue that binds a muscle and provides a route for blood vessels and nerves to travel is called

A

Deep Fascia

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7
Q

The type of fascia that surrounds a muscle is called

A

Deep Fascia

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8
Q

The outermost covering of the entire muscle is the _____ which is deep fascia

A

Epimysium

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9
Q

A thick band of dense connective tissue that forms most connections between muscle and bone is called a

A

Tendon

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10
Q

A broad sheet of dense connective tissue that may attach a muscle to a bone or to another muscle is

A

Aponeurosis

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11
Q

A tendon rupture is a serious injury calling for _____ to reconnect the torn ends

A

Surgery

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12
Q

Overuse of a tendon, called _____ results in pain and inflammation

A

Tendonitis

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13
Q

A single cell of skeletal muscle tissue is called a

A

Muscle Fiber

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14
Q

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is called a

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called

A

Sarcoplasm

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16
Q

Most of the energy for the contraction of a muscle cell is furnished by the ATP of the

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Calcium storage occurs at the _____ which is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Between adjacent sarcoplasmic reticular sacs is a tube called the _____ which unites with the sarcolemma

A

Transverse (T) tubule

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19
Q

_____ are tiny parallel fibers which extend the length of a muscle fiber

A

Myofibrils

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20
Q

There are two types of protein filaments in myofibrils: _____ and ______

A

Thin filaments and thick filaments

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21
Q

Thick filaments are composed of _____

A

Myosin

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22
Q

Thin filaments are composed of _____, troponin and tropomyosin

A

Actin

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23
Q

The striations seen on a muscle cell are made of dark bands called _____ and light bands called _____

A

A bands; I bands

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24
Q

The segment of myofibril between two Z lines is called a _____S

A

Sarcomere

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25
Q

The difference in charges (+ outside and - inside) across a plasma membrane causes a small voltage difference which is called

A

Resting membrane potential

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26
Q

The end of a motor neuron, a motor end place, and the narrow space in between is referred to as the

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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27
Q

Acetylcholine is located in tiny sacs called ____ which are located at the terminal end of motor neurons

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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28
Q

When a nerve or muscle cell is stimulated, there is a brief reversal of charges across the cell membrane. This reversal is called an

A

Action potential

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29
Q

The functional unit consisting of a single motor neuron and the many muscle fibers it stimulates is called a

A

Motor unit

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30
Q

______ is a term for a chemical that carries a signal from one nerve end to either another neuron or to a muscle cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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31
Q

ACh is an abbreviation for

A

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

For at rest muscle fibers, ATP is chemically attached to _____

A

Myosin proteins

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33
Q

For at rest muscle fibers, the thin filaments are ready with ____, _____ and _____

A

Actin, Troponin and Tropomyosin

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34
Q

What is the chemical stimulus that begins a muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine release

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35
Q

What is the sequence of muscle contraction

A
  1. Calcium binds to troponin molecules reshaping the actin and troponin molecules
  2. Connections are made between thin and thick filaments
  3. Calcium (with the catalyzing action of myosin) causes the release of potassium and energy from ATP molecules
  4. Energy released in the breakdown of ATP increases body temperature (which is why the body becomes warm during exercise)
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36
Q

Simplified sequence of muscle contraction

A
  1. Cross bridge formation
  2. Cross bridge movement
  3. Cross bridge release
  4. Z lines of the sarcomere are shortened as they are drawn together
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37
Q

Rigor mortis can best be described as

A

Muscular rigidity due to unreleased cross bridges in the muscle cells

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38
Q

What biochemical change is most directly responsible for the return of a muscle fiber to a resting condition

A

Absence of calcium ions

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39
Q

What are examples of direct use of the energy from ATP breakdown

A

The mechanical movement of cross bridges
The breakage of cross bridge attachments from thin filaments
The return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

What does soreness after exercise come from?

A

Lactic acid accumulation

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41
Q

T/F: In muscles that are exercised strenuously for a prolonged period of time, the oxygen debt may lead to muscle fatigue

A

True

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42
Q

T/F: Muscle fatigue is the inability of a muscle to contract normally

A

True

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43
Q

When a muscle contracts in a spasm without relaxing, the result is

A

A cramp

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44
Q

As the diameter of a muscle fiber increases, the strength of contraction

A

Increases

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45
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found

A

Attached to skeleton

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46
Q

How is skeletal muscle controlled

A

Voluntary

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47
Q

What is skeletal muscle’s shape

A

Long, cylindrical

48
Q

Are there striations in skeletal muscle

A

Present

49
Q

Order of contraction speed race for skeletal muscle

A

Fastest

50
Q

Order of contraction strength for skeletal muscle

A

Strongest

51
Q

Order of contraction time for skeletal muscle

A

Least

52
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

In walls of hollow organs

53
Q

How is smooth muscle controlled

A

Involuntary

54
Q

How is cardiac muscle controlled

A

Involuntary

55
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found

A

In walls of heart

56
Q

Smooth muscle shape

A

Spindle-shaped

57
Q

Cardiac muscle shape

A

Cylindrical, branching

58
Q

Are there striations in smooth muscle?

A

Absent

59
Q

Are there striations in cardiac muscle?

A

Present

60
Q

Order of contraction speed race for smooth muscle

A

Slowest

61
Q

Order of contraction speed race for cardiac muscle

A

Medium

62
Q

Order of contraction strength for smooth muscle

A

Weakest

63
Q

Order of contraction strength for cardiac muscle

A

Medium

64
Q

Order of contraction time for smooth muscle

A

Greatest

65
Q

Order of contraction time for cardiac muscle

A

Intermediate

66
Q

The weakest stimulus that can initiate a contraction

A

Threshold stimulus

67
Q

A stimulus that is too weak to cause a contraction

A

Subthreshold Stimulus

68
Q

The complete contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus above the minimum amount

A

All-or-none response

69
Q

Addition of motor units as stimulus strength increases

A

Recruitment

70
Q

A rapid response to a single stimulus, a basic unit of muscle contraction

A

Twitch

71
Q

A muscle warm up phenomenon in which single twitches rapidly follow each other

A

Treppe

72
Q

A second, stronger contraction when a muscle receives a second stimulus before the first contraction cycle is complete

A

Wave summation

73
Q

A continuous contraction due to a fusion of twitches

A

Complete tetanus

74
Q

A type of tetanus in which only a small number of fibers contract affecting posture

A

Muscle tone

75
Q

The usual means of producing body movement

A

Isotonic contraction

76
Q

Muscle tension, without shortening the muscle

A

Isometric contraction

77
Q

Learning a new coordination action

A

Motor Skill Development

78
Q

Sustained muscular efforts with benefit to cardiovascular and respiratory systems

A

Endurance

79
Q

The point of attachment to the more stationary bone

A

Origin

80
Q

The point of attachment to the more movable bone

A

Insertion

81
Q

The coordinated response of a group of muscles that causes a body movement

A

Group Action

82
Q

Muscles in a group which cause the desired action

A

Prime Movers

83
Q

The muscles in a group that relax during the action

A

Antagonists

84
Q

The muscles in a group which steady the movement

A

Synergists

85
Q

The muscles in a group which stabilize the origin of the prime mover

A

Fixators

86
Q

Sphere of the eye

A

Orbicularis Oris

87
Q

Sphere of the mouth

A

Orbicularis Oculi

88
Q

Trumpeter

A

Buccinator

89
Q

Cheek

A

Zygomaticus

90
Q

One who chews

A

Masseter

91
Q

Breast bone, clavicle, breast-resembling process

A

Sternocleidomastoid

92
Q

Table-like

A

Trapezius

93
Q

One who raises the shoulder-blade

A

Levator scapulae

94
Q

Saw

A

Serratus

95
Q

Of the breast, small

A

Pectoralis Minor

96
Q

Triangular

A

Deltoid

97
Q

Rounded

A

Teres

98
Q

Three heads in the arm

A

Triceps Brachii

99
Q

Two heads in the arm

A

Biceps Brachii

100
Q

Vertical presence of the abdomen

A

Rectus Abdominis

101
Q

Great presence of the buttocks

A

Gluteus Maximus

102
Q

Slender

A

Gracilis

103
Q

Tenses fascia on the lateral

A

Tensor fascia latae

104
Q

Tailor

A

Sartorius

105
Q

Four heads of the femur

A

Quadriceps Femoris

106
Q

Stomach of the lower leg

A

Gastrocnemius

107
Q

Sole of the foot

A

Soleus

108
Q

RICE stands for

A

Rest Ice Compression Elevation

109
Q

The kissing muscles are ______ and the _____

A

Orbicularis Oculi/Buccinator

110
Q

Largest muscle of the group which connects the pectoral girdle to the thorax is the

A

Trapezius

111
Q

The muscle commonly known as the “lat” is the

A

Latissimus Dorsi

112
Q

Injections are commonly given in a muscle called the

A

Deltoid

113
Q

A vertical line (a ridge of connective tissue) extending from the sternum to the navel is called the

A

Linea Alba

114
Q

A muscle which is a common site for injections in the hip area is the

A

Gluteus Medius

115
Q

The _____ muscles acquire their name from the butcher shop where their tendons were used to suspend pig meat during curing

A

hamstring

116
Q

The gastrocnemius and the soles insert via a common heel tendon known as the

A

Achilles Tendon

Anatomy (3 decks)

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