muscular system Flashcards
1
Q
The name of a single muscle cell
A
Muscle fiber
2
Q
What are the 4 layers of muscle tissue covering from superficial to deep
A
Deep Fascia
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
3
Q
What is the endomysium
A
fine layer of areolar CT that surrounds each muscle fiber
4
Q
What is the perimysium
A
dense irregular CT sheet around fascicles
5
Q
What is a fascicle
A
group of muscle fibers
6
Q
What is the epimysium
A
dense irregular fibrous CT that surrounds the whole muscle
7
Q
what is the deep fascia
A
coarse layer of dense CT that binds muscles into functional groups (ex// hamstrings are separated from quads by deep fascia)
8
Q
muscles span ______ and attach to ______
A
span joints and attach to bones
9
Q
What are the two types of attachments
A
Direct and indirect
10
Q
What is a direct attachment of a muscle
A
epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage
11
Q
What is the indirect attachment of muscles
A
most attachments are indirect attachments involving either a tendon or an aponeurosis
12
Q
What are the 4 common patterns of fascicle arrangement
A
- Parallel
- Pennate
- Circular
- Convergent
13
Q
What is the parallel fascicle arrangement
A
fascicles parallel to the long axis of a strap-like muscle. can be strap-like (sartorius) or fusiform (biceps)
14
Q
What is the pennate arrangement of the fascicles
A
Short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle.
there are 3 types
15
Q
What are the 3 types of pennate fascicle arrangement
A
- Unipennate: ex// extensor digitorum
- Bipennate: ex// rectus femoris
- Multipennate: ex// deltoid
16
Q
What is the circular arrangement of fascicles
A
concentric rings surround external openings and contract to close opening (ex// obicularis oculi)
17
Q
What is the convergent arrangement of fascicles
A
fascicles converge towards a single tendon.
Insertion/ muscle is triangular or fan-shapped
ex// pectoralis major
18
Q
What are the 3 functional groups of skeletal muscles (interactions)
A
- Prime Mover (agonist)
- Antagonist
- Synergist
19
Q
What is a Prime Mover (agonist)
A
provides major force for a particular movement (brachialis in elbow flexion)
20
Q
What is an antagonist?
A
opposes or reverses a particular movement. Can provide resistance to prevent overshoot or control rate of movement
21
Q
What is a synergistand what are the three ways it does its job
A
muscles that help the prime mover by:
1. promoting the same movement
2. Reduce undesirable movement
3. some are Fixators
22
Q
What are fixator muscles
A
muscles involved in posture
23
Q
What is unique about the muscles of the head causing facial expression?
A
insert into the skin or other muscles, not bones
24
Q
what nerve runs through the muscles involved in facial expression
A
all are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)
25
What is the Epicranius
main muscle of scalp ; bipartite muscle.
Made of Frontalis and Occipitalis
26
What is the Frontalis
1 out of 2 muscles making up epicranius
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
27
What is the Occipitalis
1 out of 2 muscles making up epicranius
Fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
28
What is the Origin of a muscle
The origin is the point where the muscle attaches to the bone that remains stationary during a particular movement.
29
What is the insertion of a muscle
The insertion is the point where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves during the same movement.
30
What is the platysma (origin + insertion) and function
Origin and Insertion: Fascia of chest to mandible
Function: helps depress mandible, tenses skin of neck (shaving muscle)
31
What is the orbicularis occuli
Location: Surrounds rim of orbit
Function: Protects eyes from light/injury - closes the eye, blinking, squinting, draws eyebrows inferiorly
32
What is orbicular oris
Location: lips, multilayered
Function: closes, purses, and protrudes lips
33
What is the Mentalis
Origin and Insertion: Mandible to chin
Description: V-shaped pair
Function: protrudes lower lip (pout); wrinkles chin
34
What is Zygomaticus
(I and O and Function)
Origin and Insertion: Zygomatic bone to corner of mouth
Function: raises the lateral corners of the mouth (smiling muscle)
35
What is the Buccinator
IO, Descri, Func
O & I: mandible/maxilla to orb. oris
Description: Deep to massetor
Function: whistling, sucking, hold food in place when chewing, especially in nursing infants
36
How many muscles anchor and move tongue and what are they
3
1. Genioglossus
2. Styloglossus
3. Hypoglossus
37
What nerve are the muscles of the tongue innervated by
all innervated by cranial nerve XII - hypoglossal nerve
38
What is the Glenioglossus
I and O: mandible to inferior tongue and hyoid bone
Description: prime mover of tongue protrusion
Function: anchors tongue to prevent obstruction of respiration
39
What is the Styloglossus
I and O: styloid process of temporal bone to inferolateral tongue
Function: retracts and elevates tongue
40
what is the Hypoglossus
I and O: hyoid bone to inferolateral tongue
Function: depresses tongue, especially lateral margins
41
How many muscle pairs are involved in mastication
Four pairs:
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
42
what nerve are the muscles of mastication innervated by
All innervated by mandibular division of cranial nerve V
43
What is the Masseter
I and O: zygomatic arch and bone to angle and ramus of the mandible
Function: prime mover of jaw closure
44
What is the temporalis
I and O: temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible
Function: elevated and retracts mandible, maintains closer jaw at rest
45
What is the medial and lateral pterygoid
I and O: pterygoid process of sphenoid to mandible
Function: additional jaw movements (side to side, grinding movements)
46
How many muscles move the eye
6:
Lateral Rectus,
Medial Rectus,
Superior Rectus,
Inferior Rectus,
Inferior Oblique,
Superior Oblique
47
What is the Lateral Rectus and what is the controlling cranial nerve
Moves eye laterally, controlling nerve is VI (abducens)
48
What is the Medial Rectus and what is the controlling nerve
moves eye medially. controlling nerve is III (oculomotor)
49
What is the superior rectus and wha is the controlling nerve
elevated eye and turns it medially. controlling nerve is III (oculomotor)
50
what is the inferior rectus and what is its controlling nerve
depresses eye and turns it medially. controlling nerve is III (oculomotor)
51
what is the inferior oblique? controlling nerve?
Elevated eye and turns it laterally. III (oculomotor)
52
What is the superior oblique? controlling nerve
depresses eye and turns it laterally. controlling nerve is IV (trochlear)
53
the head is moved by muscles originating from the ________
axial skeleton
54
what is the sternocleidomastoid
I and O: Manubrium/clavicle to mastoid process of temporal bone
Location: 2-headed, deep to the platysma
Type of Mover: prime mover of head flexion
Function: muscle action on one side for head rotation to the opposite side, head tilts to the same side.
55
what are the scalenes
I and O: cervical vertebrae to 1st 2 ribs
Location:more laterally and deep to the platysma and SCM
Function: elevates first 2 ribs/flexes and rotates neck. also aids in inspiration
56
What is the Splenius
I and O: vertebrae to mastoid process of temporal bone
Location: superficial; bandage muscle
Function: head extension (both sides), rotation (one side), tilts to same side
57
What are the 3 muscles involved in Head movement
Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, Splenius
58
What are the three muscles involved in trunk movement
1. Erector spinae
2. Semispinalis
3. Quadratus lumborum
59
What is the Erector Spinae
Prime mover of back extension
Consists of 3 columns of muscles
Provides resistance to bending forward and extensors to return to erect poisiton
60
What are the 3 columns of muscles associated with the Erector Spinae
1. Iliocostalis
2. longissimus
3. spinalis
61
What is the Semispinalis
Location: muscles from the thoracic region to the head
Function: extends vertebral column and head, rotates head
A Synergist with sternocleidomastoid muscles
61
What is the Quadratus lumborum
I and O: iliac crest to lumbar vertbrae
Function: individual muscles flex cetrebral column laterally. joint muscles extend lumbar spine, fix 12th rib, and maintain upright posture
61
What are the 3 muscles of respiration?
External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Diaphragm
62
What is the external intercostal
I and O: inferior border of rib to superior border of rib below
Location: 11 pairs of them between the ribs
Function: pull ribs together to elevate rib cage
63
What are the internal intercostals
Location: 11 pairs between ribs
Function: draw ribs together to depress rib cage
64
What is the diaphragm
Location: makes up the floor of the thoracic cavity
Function: Prime mover of inspiration, flattens on inspiration increasing thoracic volume
65
What muscles make up the abdominal wall
4 paired muscles:
1. Internal obliques
2. External obliques
3. Transversus abdominis
4. Rectus abdominus
66
What nerve are the muscles of the abdominal wall innervated by
Intercostal nerves
67
What are the main actions for the muscles of the abdominal wall
Lateral flexion and flexion of the vertebral column
Support viscera, stabilize pelvis
Help promote urination, pooping, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, and screaming
68
What is the Rectus Abdominus
I and O: Pubis to ribcage
Function: lumbar rotation, fix and depress ribs, stabilize the pelvis during walking
69
What is the External Oblique
Description: largest and most superficial lateral muscle
Function: increase abdominal pressure, flex vertrebral column. Individual muscles aid in rotation
70
What is the internal oblique
Same actions as external oblique: increase abdominal pressure, flex vertebral column, and aid in rotation
71
What is the transverses abdominus
The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall
Compresses abdominal contents
72
What are the 3 muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum?
1. Levator ani
2. Urogenital diaphragm
3. Coccyggeus
73
What is the Levator ani
I and O: pubis to inner coccyx
Function: resists downward increases in intra-abdominal pressure (during coughing, vomiting)
74
What is the urogenital diaphragm
supports pelvic viscera and constricts urethra
75
What is the Coccyggeus
I and O: spine of ischium to sacrum and coccyx
Function: supports pelvic viscera and coccyx
76
What does the pelvic diagram consist of
the levator ani and coccygeus
77
What are the 3 muscles of the anterior thorax and what is their function
1. Subclavius
2. Pectoralis Minor
3. Serratus anterior
They are responsible for: joining the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton, arm movements, and to fix the scapula
78
What is the subclavius
I and O: rib 1 to inferior clavicle
Function: stabilize and depress the pectoral girdle
79
What is the Pectoralis minor
I and O: rib 3-5 to coracoid process of scapula
Function: Draws scapula forward and down
80
What is the Serratus anterior
I and O: ribs 1-8 to anterior vertebral border of scapula
Function: holds scapula to chest wall
81
What are the 3 muscles of the posterior thorax
1. Trapezius
2. Levator Scapulae
3. Rhomboids
82
What is the Trapezius
I and O: Occiput and vertebrae to clavicle and scapula
Function: stabilizes, raises, retracts, rotates scapula
83
What is the Levator Scapulae
I and O: C1-4 to scapula
Function: elevates and adducts the scapula
84
What are the Rhomboids
I and O: Vertebrae to scapula
Function: pull scapula to the midline, allowing square shoulders
85
How many muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on and move the humerus
9.
1. Pectoralis Major
2. Lat dorsi
3. Deltoid
4. Supraspinatus
5. Infraspinatus
6. Teres minor
7. Subscapularis
8. Coracobrachialis
9. Teres Major
86
Which of the 9 muscles crossing the shoulder joint are prime movers of the arm. What are their common movements?
Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi, Deltoid
Common movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation of humerus
87
Which of the 9 muscles crossing the shoulder joint are rotator cuff muscles? What is their main function?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis
Main function: reinforce the capsule of the shoulder, act as synergists and fixators
88
What is the Deltoid
I and O: clavicle/scapula to humerus
Description: thick, rounded, site of intramuscular injections
Function: prime mover of arm abduction (all fibers), lateral and media rotations, flexion or extension (only some fibrs)
89
What is the Pectoralis Major
I and O: sternum/rib cartilages/clavicle to humerus
Function: prime mover of arm flexion. Adducts and medially rotates arm. Used for climbing, pushing, throwing
90
What is the latissimus dorsi
I and O: vertebrae to humerus (intertubercular sulcus)
Function: prime mover of arm extension. Medially rotates arm at shoulder
91
What is the origin and insertion of rotator cuff muscles
Scpula to greater/lesser tubercle of humerus
92
What are the 3 anterior flexor muscles crossing the elbow joints
1. Biceps Brachii
2. Brachialis
3. Brachioradialis
93
What is the purpose of the anterior flexor muscles crossing the elbow joint
they need to be able to move the radius and the ulna
94
What is the biceps brachii
I and O: two point of scapula to radius
Function: flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm
95
What is the brachialis
I and O: humerus to ulna
Function: Major forearm flexor, lifts ulna as biceps lift radius
Provides the more force
96
What is the brachioradialis
I and O: distal humerus to distal radius
Function: synergist in forearm flexion
97
What is the only posterior muscle crossing the elbow joint
the triceps brachii
98
what is the triceps brachii
I and O: scapula/humerus to ulna
Function: powerful forearm extensor, helps to stabilize shoulder joint
99
Most anterior muscles of the forearm are _______, insert via the ____________
flexors, insert via flexor retinaculum
100
Most posterior muscles of the forearm are _________, insert via the ________
extensors, insert via the extensor retinaculum
101
What are the 6 muscles of the anterior forearms
1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Palmaris Longus
3. Flexor carpi radialis
4. Pronator teres
5. Flexor digitorum superficialis
6. Flexor pollicis longus
102
What is the flexor carpi ulnaris
I and O: humerus/ulna to metacarpals
Description: Powerful flexor of wrist and hand adductor
Function: synergizes with extensor carpi ulnaris to stabilize wrist during finger extension
103
What is the palmaris longus
I and O: humerus to palmar aponeurosis
Function: weak wrist flexor, weak synergist for elbow flexion
104
What is the flexor carpi radialis
I and O: humerus to metacarpals
Function: abducts hand
105
What is the pronator teres
I and O: humerus/ulna to lateral radialis
Function: pronates arm, weak flexor of elbow
106
What is the flexor digitorum superficialis
I and O: humerus/ulna to middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
Function: flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
107
What is the flexor pollicis longus
I and O: anterior shaft of radius and interosseus to distal phalanx of the thumb
108
What are the 5 posterior muscles of the forearm
1. Extensor digitorum
2. Extensor carpi ulnaris
3. Extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
4. Ext pollicis longus and brevis
5. Supinator
109
What is the extensor digitorum
I and O: humerus to phalanges
Description: prime mover of finger extension
Function: extends wrist, can abduct fingers.
110
What is the extensor carpi ulnaris
I and O: humerus and ulna to 5th metacarpal
Function: extends and adducts wrist
111
What is the extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
I and O: humerus to 2nd (longus) and 3rd (brevis) metacarpals
Function: extends and abducts wrist
112
What is the supinator
I and O: humerus to radius
Function: assists biceps brachii to supinate forearm
113
What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand
small, weak muscles that control precise movements of metacarpals and fingers
114
What are the 3 functions of the muscles of the lower limb
1. Stability
2. Locomotion
3. Maintenance of posture
115
Most anterior lower limb muscles ____femur at hip, _____ leg at knee
flex, extend
116
Most posterior lower limb muscles _______ thigh, ____ leg
extend, flex
117
Medial muscles of the lower limb al _____ thigh
adduct
118
What are the 7 phases of walking
A: heel strike
B: loading response (foot flat)
C: Midstance
D: terminal stance (heel off)
E: preswing (toe off)
F: Initial and Mid-swing
G: Terminal swing
119
What are the prime movers of the anterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb
Iliopsoas (two muscles), tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris
120
What are the synergists of the anterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb
Adductors and Sartorius
121
What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the lower limb that help adduct the thigh
Gluteus Medius, and minimus
122
What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the lower limb that extend the knee joint
The Quads
123
What are the prime movers of the posterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb
Gluetus maximus and hamstring (semitendinosis, the semimebranosus, and the biceps femoris)
124
What is the knee joint flexor of the posterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb
hamstrings
125
What is the Iliopsoas
Consists of the Psoas major and the iliacus
I and O: iliac crest, T12 and lumbar to the femur
Function: Prime mover of hip flexion by pulling the femur towards the hip
126
What is the sartorius
I and O: anterior superior iliac spine to medial tibia
Function: flexes and laterally rotates thigh, weak knee flexor
127
What is the Quadriceps Femoris
I and O: illiac spine and femur to patella and tibial tuberosity
128
What are the 4 quad muscles
1. Rectus Femoris: extends the knee; flex thigh at hip
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
129
What are the three medial muscles of the thigh
1. Pectineus
2. Adductors (magnus, longus, brevis)
3. Gracilis
130
What is the pectineus
I and O: pubis to femur
Function: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh
131
What is the Gracilis
I and O: pubis to ischial ramus to medial tibia
Function: adducts thigh, medially rotates leg (walking)
132
What is the Adductors
3 parts: magnus, longus, brevis
I and O: Ischium and pubis to the femur
Function: all adduct, flex, medially rotate leg
133
What are the three posterior thigh muscles
1. Gluteus medius
2. Gluteus maximus
3. Hamstrings
134
What is the gluteus medius
I and O: illium to greater trochanter of femur
Function: abducts and medially rotates thigh; esp during walking)
135
What is gluteus maximus
I and O: illium, sacrum, and coccyx to gluteal tuberocity of the femur
Function: major thigh extensor, climing stairs and running
136
What is the hamstrings
3 muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinousus, semimembranousus
I and O: ischial tuberosity to tibia/fibula
Function: prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion
137
What are the 3 muscles of the leg involved in ankle and toe dorsiflexion
1. Extensor digitorum longus
2. Tibialis anterior
3. Extensor hallucis longus
138
WHat is the extensor digitorum longus
I and O: tibia to phalanges of toes 2-5
Function: prime mover of toe extension, dorsiflexes foot
139
What is Tibialis anterior
I and O: tibia to tarsals and metatarsals
Function: prime mover of dorsiflexion, inverts foot
140
What is extensor hallucis longus
I and O: fibula shaft to great toe
Function: extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot
141
What is the muscle of the leg in the lateral compartment
Fibularis (peroneus)
142
What is the fibularis
I and O: fibula under foot to 1st metatarsal
Function: plantar flexes and everts foot
143
What are the six muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Calcaneal
4. Tibialis posterior
5. Flexor digitorum longus
6. Flexor hallucis longus
144
WHat is the gastrocnemius
I and O: femur to calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
Function: plantar flexes foot when knee extended, flex knee if foot dorsiflexed
145
What is the soleus
I and O: proximal tibia/fibula to calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Function: plantar flexes angle, walking running, dancing
146
What is the Calcaneal
Achilles tendon. Largest tendon in body
Common tendon for gastrocnemius and soleus for insertion into calcaneus of heel
147
What is the tibialis posterior
I and O: tibia/fibula/interosseous membrane to tarsal and metatarsals
Function: prime mover of foot inversion
148
What is the Flexor digitorum llongus
I and O: posterior tibia to distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Function: plantar flexes and inverts the foot, flexes the toes
149
What is the flexor hallucis longus
I and O: fibula/interosseous membrane to distal phalanx of great toe
Function: plantar flexes and inverts the foot, flexes great toe
150
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot
similar to muscles of palm of hand
Help to flex, extend, abduct and adduct the toes
151
Single muscle on the foot's _____ and several on the ______ aspect
dorsum, plantar
