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ANP1106 > anatomy of nervous system 1 > Flashcards

anatomy of nervous system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central (CNS), and Peripheral (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord. Responsible for integrative and control centers

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3
Q

What does PNS consist of

A

Cranial and spinal nerves for incoming/outgoing info, resp. for communication lines between the CNS and rest of body

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory (afferent) division, Motor (efferent) division

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5
Q

What does sensory division of PNS consist of

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from receptors to brain (up)

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6
Q

What does motor division of PNS consist of

A

Motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles) (down)

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the Motor division of PNS

A

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system

A

Contains somatic (voluntary) motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system

A

Contains visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

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11
Q

What is the Sympathetic division of ANS

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity, “Fight or Flight”

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of ANS

A

Conserves energy, promotes house-keeping functions during rest

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13
Q

Nervous tissue is ____ cellular, ____ packed, _____ extracellular space

A

Highly cellular, tightly packed, little space

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14
Q

What are the two principal nervous tissue cell types

A

Neuroglia - supporting cells
Neurons - nerve cells

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15
Q

What are neuroglia and what are the 6 different types

A

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
1. Astrocytes (CNS)
2. Microglial (CNS)
3. Ependymal (CNS)
4. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
5. Satellite (PNS)
6. Shwann cells (PNS)

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16
Q

What are Astrocytes

A

Description: CNS, Star-shaped, most abundant; anchor neurons close to capillaries

Function: nutrient exchange, guide migration of young neurons, clean up environment (excess NT, K+ ions) , even shown to release NT

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17
Q

What are Microglia

A

Description: CNS, thinner processes than astrocytes

Function: protective, touch neurons to monitor well-being; can transform into macrophages to engulf micro-organisms and/or cellular debris

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18
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

Description: CNS. line cavities of brain and spinal cord

Function: form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

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19
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes

A

Description: CNS. Few branches
Function: processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths

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20
Q

What are the 2 neuroglia in the PNS

A

Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells

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21
Q

What are satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia- do the same things as astrocytes in CNS

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22
Q

What are satellite cells

A

form myelin sheath around larger neurons in the PNS.

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23
Q

What are the special characteristics of neurons

A
  1. Extreme longevity; amitotic
  2. High metabolic rate: requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
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24
Q

What are multipolar neurons

A

Many processes extend from the cell body. All are dendrites except for a single axon.

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25
Q

What are bipolar neurons

A

Two processes extend from the cell body. One is a fused dendrite, the other is an axon

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26
Q

What is a unipolar neuron

A

One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise an axon

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27
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons

A

according to direction in which nerve impulse travels relative to CNS
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Interneurons

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28
Q

What are sensory neurons

A

carry impulses toward CNS.

Almost all primary sensory neurons (receptors) are unipolar,

Higher order sensory neurons are all multipolar and reside entirely in the CNS

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29
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Carry impulses away from CNS to effectors

Multipolar with most cell bodies in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)

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30
Q

What are interneurons

A

between motor and sensory neurons.

Integration of info;multipolar, most entirely within CNS, 99% of neurons in the body

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31
Q

Most multipolar neurons are _____neurons

A

interneurons

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32
Q

Most bipolar neurons are ____ neurons

A

sensory neurons

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33
Q

Most unipolar neurons are ____neurons

A

sensory neurons

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34
Q

What are the subdivisions of the brain

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
  2. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
  3. Brain stem (midbrain, Pons, medulla)
  4. Cerebellum
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35
Q

What is the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord

A

central cavity surrounded by gray matter (non-myelated axons) and white matter (myelated axons)

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36
Q

What is the arrangement of gray and white matter in the brain

A

same design as spinal cord, but with additional regions of gray matter.
Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum have outer “bark” of gray matter.

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37
Q

What are gyri

A

ridges of the brain

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38
Q

Sulci

A

shallow grooves of brain

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39
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves of brain

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40
Q

Longitudinal fissue

A

The longitudinal fissure is the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain.

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41
Q

Transverse Cerebral fissure

A

divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum (anatomy of cerebral hemisphere)

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42
Q

What is the central sulcus and which part of the brain is it on

A

The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, and more specifically separates the primary motor cortex anteriorly from the primary somatosensory cortex posteriorly. Anatomy of cerebral hemisphere

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43
Q

What is the precentral gyrus

A

a prominent gyrus on the surface of the posterior frontal lobe of the brain. It is the site of the primary motor cortex. Anatomy of cerebral hemisphere

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44
Q

What is postcentral gyrus

A

a prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain. It is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch. Anatomy of cerebral hemisphere

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45
Q

What is parieto-occipital sulcus

A

shallow groove that seperates the parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere from the occipital lobe

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46
Q

What is the lateral sulcus

A

shallow groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of cerebral hemisphere from the temporal lobe.

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47
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
  5. insula
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48
Q

What are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially
  2. White matter internally
  3. Basal nuclei deep within white matter
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49
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex

A

allows us to perceive, communicate, remember, understand, appreciate, initiate voluntary momvents.
TLDR: consious behaviour

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50
Q

What are brodmann areas

A

numbered areas according to subtle differences in thickness, linking to particular functions

51
Q

What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Motor, Sensory, Association

52
Q

each hemisphere handles sensory and motor functions of the _______ side of body

A

contralateral (opposite)

53
Q

What are 4 areas in the cerebral hemispheres involved in motor control

A

Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, frontal eye field

54
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal love of each hemisphere

55
Q

What neuron cells are involved in the primary motor cortex

A

pyramidal cells allow control of skeletal muscles, axons project to spinal cord and pyramidal tracts

56
Q

What is somatotopy

A

entire body represented spatially in primary motor cortex of each hemisphere

57
Q

Where is the premotor cortex

A

Anterior to precentral gyrus

58
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex

A

helps plan movements by selecting and sequencing basic motor movements into more complex tasks. Coordinates movement of several muscle groups simultaneously by activating motor cortex. Sometimes referred to muscle memory

59
Q

Where is the Broca’s area

A

overlaps brodmann areas 44 and 35, present in one hemisphere (usually left)

60
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area

A

motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production

61
Q

Where is the frontal eye field

A

Brodmanns area 8.

62
Q

What is the function of the frontal eye field

A

controls voluntary movements of the eyes

63
Q

What is the function of the Sensory areas of the brain

A

conscious awareness of sensation

64
Q

Which lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are involved in the sensory areas

A

parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

65
Q

What are the 8 areas of the cerebral hemisphere that are involved in sensory

A
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex
  2. Somatosensory association cortex
  3. Visual areas
  4. Auditory areas
  5. Vestibular cortex
  6. Olfactory cortex
  7. Gustatory cortex
  8. Visceral sensory area
66
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

in postcentral gyri of parietal lobe (Broddmann areas 1-3)

67
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeleton muscle, joints, and tendons.

Also capable of spatial discrimination

68
Q

Where is the somatosensory association area

A

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex. (BA 5-7)

69
Q

Function of somatosensory association area

A

integrate/analyze somatic inputs (temps, pressure..) - interpret size, texture, relationships. ex// feeling in your pocket for keys

70
Q

What are the two visual areas in the sensory areas of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  1. Primary visual cortex
  2. Visual association area
71
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex

A

located on extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe

72
Q

what is the function of the primary visual cortex

A

largest critical area; contains map of visual space on retina (opposite sides)

73
Q

where is the visual association area

A

surrounds primary visual cortex

74
Q

what is the function of the visual association area

A

uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, or movement)

75
Q

What are the two auditory areas of the sensory area of the cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Auditory association area
76
Q

what is the function of the primary auditory cortex

A

interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and rhythm

76
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area

A

interpretation based on memory - speech, words, music, thunder

77
Q

What and where is the vestibular cortex

A

responsible for conscious awareness of balance.
located in posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex

78
Q

What and where is the olfactory cortex

A

Involved in conscious awareness of odors
Medial aspect of temporal lobes (uncus?)

79
Q

What and where is the gustatory cortex

A

Involved in the perception of taste
Located in the insula, just deep to the temporal lobe

80
Q

What and where is the visceral sensory area

A

Conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach, full bladder)
Located posterior to gustatory cortex

81
Q

What is a multimodal association area

A

any cortical area that isnt primary.
Functions: Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas, send outputs to multiple areas.

82
Q

What are the three parts of the multimodal association area

A

Anterior association area
Posterior association area
Limbic association area

83
Q

What is the order of sensory information into cerebral hemispheres

A

Sensory receptors -> primary sensory cortex -> sensory association cortex -> multimodal association cortex

84
Q

What is the anterior multimodal association area

A

the prefrontal cortex

85
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex

A

Most complicated cortical region- innvolved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality

Closely involved in limbic system

86
Q

What is the posterior association area

A

Large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
Function: input from all sensory association areas, storage of complex memories, putting info to under what we see and feel.
Damage to this area can lead to contralateral neglect

87
Q

What is the limbic association area

A

Part of the limbic system.
Function: provides emotional impact that makes the scene important and helps establish memories

88
Q

What is lateralization

A

division of labor between hemispheres

89
Q

______ fibers and their tracts responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between ____ and ____ CNS centers

A

myelinated fibers, cortex, and lower CNS

90
Q

What are commissural fibers

A

cerebral white matter that connects corresponding areas between the 2 hemispheres- largest is corpus callosum

91
Q

What are Association fibers

A

cerebral white matter that connects within a hemisphere (connect gyri, lobes)

92
Q

What are projection fibers

A

cerebral white matter that connects cortex to rest of nervous system, run vertically

93
Q

What are basal nuclei

A

subcortical structures found deep within the white matter of the brain

94
Q

What does the basal nuclei consist of

A

Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)

95
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei

A
  1. Receive input from entire cerebral cortex, other sub subcortical nuclei, and other basal nucleis
  2. projects information to premotor and prefrontal corticles to influence muscle movements directed by primary motor cortex
96
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

97
Q

What is the thalamus

A

bilateral nuclei makes up 80%. Connected by Interthalamic adhesion

Function: consists of many different nuclei that are relay stations for incoming info then group to send to appropriate region of cortex

Known as “gateway to cerebral cortex”

98
Q

What is the hypthalamus

A

a bunch of centers and nuclei responsible for regulating roles unconsciously. “background control”

Located below thalamus
Disorders cause problems w homeostatis

99
Q

What is the epithalamus

A

Most dorsal portion of diencephalon
Consists of the Pineal gland (extends from posterior borders and secretes melatonin)

100
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

Part of the epithalamus that has special capillaries to filter blood to generate CSF

101
Q

What is the brain step

A

structure that control automatic behaviours necessary to survive. Bridge between spinal cord and higher centers

102
Q

What are the three regions to the brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
103
Q

What is the midbrain and what are the 5 things it consists of

A

involved in the processing of visual and auditory information.

1.Cerebral peduncles
2. Cerebral aqueduct
3. Periaqueductal gray matter
5. Superior colliculi (Corpora quadrigemina)
6. Inferior colliculi (Corpora quadrigemina)

104
Q

What is the cerebral penduncles

A

two ventral bridges. control large pyramidal motor tracts

105
Q

What is cerebral squeduct

A

channel running through midbrain that connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

106
Q

What is Periaqueductal gray matter

A

nuclei that play a role in pain supressant and fight or flight response. Also include nuclei that control cranial nerve III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

107
Q

What is Superior colliculi (Corpora quadrigemina)

A

visual reflex centres when visually following a moving object

108
Q

What is Inferior colliculi (Corpora quadrigemina)

A

part of auditory relay (startle reflex)

109
Q

What are the two nuclei of the midbrain

A
  1. Substantia nigra
  2. Red nucleus
110
Q

What is substantia nigra

A

band-like nucleus, high melanin content (precurder for dopamine), linked to a dampening effect on basal nuclei of cerebral hemisphere. Damage could lead to overexcited neurons

111
Q

What is red nucleus

A

rich vascular supply, iron pigment in neuron cell bodies, relay neuclei for descending pathways influencing limb flexion

112
Q

What is the Pons

A

composed of conduction tracts, mostly communication pathways (either up and down ex//Longitudinal fibers or transverse (between motor cortex and cerebellum)

113
Q

What are the 3 parts of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. Pyramids: two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts from motor cortex
  2. Decussation: point where pyramidal tracts cross over to opposite side of body
  3. Olives: swellings cause by underlying inferior olivary nuclei that relay stretch info from muscles to cerebellum
114
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

crucial role as autonomic reflex centre for homeostasis

115
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Processing input from cerebral cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors to influence the timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contraction.
Not under conscious control

116
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of

A

bilaterally symmetrical; connected by vermis. Fine folia to increase gray matter.
Each hemisphere divided into three lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular

117
Q

Virtually all fibers in the cerebellum are _____

A

Ipsilateral (each side controls the same side of body)

118
Q

What are the three pairs fiber tracts that connect cerebellum to brain stem

A
  1. Superior (outgoing): connect cerebellum to midbrain
  2. Middle (incoming)
    connect pons to cerebellum
  3. Inferior (incoming)
    connect medulla to cerebellum
119
Q

What are the steps to cerebellar processing

A
  1. cortex frontal motor association area indicated intent to initiate action and sends collaterals to cerebellum to notify
  2. Also receives proprioceptive info and info from visual and equilibrium pathways
  3. cerebellar cortex receives this info and determines best way to coordinate direction extent of muscle contraction
  4. Via superior peduncles, cerebellum dispatches blueprint to coordinate output also to brain stem nuclei (like red nucleus) which project to motor neurons of spinal cord
120
Q

What are the two functional brain systems

A
  1. Limbic system
  2. Reticular formation
121
Q

What is the limbic system

A

emotional-visceral brain consisting of amygdala, hippocampus and anterior cingulate gyrus.
Close association with hypothalamus provides a pathway for stress to affect bp, gi tract, hr, etc.

122
Q

What is the reticular formation system

A

maintains arousal of brain and filters incoming signal (around 99 % of all sensory stimuli is filtered)

Severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness

ANP1106 (11 decks)

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