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Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions

A

structure, balance, posture, movement, heat

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2
Q

Can conduct an action potential

A

Conductivity

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3
Q

Reacts when stimulated

A

Irritability

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4
Q

Can shorten and produce tension between its ends

A

Contractability

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5
Q

Can return to resting properties after contraction

A

Relaxation

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6
Q

Can be stretched

A

Distensibility

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7
Q

Opposite of distensibility, resist elongation, return to og position after elongation

A

Elasticity

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8
Q

3 types of muscles

A

Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac

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9
Q

Striates or striped are further divided into

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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10
Q

Weakest muscle

A

Smooth

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11
Q

Involuntary

A

Cardiac and smooth

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12
Q

Controlled by sinus node

A

Cardiac

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13
Q

Connected by lateral branches

A

Cardiac

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14
Q

Voluntary

A

Skeletal

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15
Q

Indiv bundle of muscle fibers in skeletal muscles

A

Fascicle

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16
Q

Where are diff muscles located + function

A

Skeletal - skeleton; move bones
Cardiac - heart; pump blood
Smooth - var organs; var functions like peristalsis

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17
Q

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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18
Q

Gel-like substance inside the muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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19
Q

Storage ng calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Regular arrangement of myofibrils

A

Sarcomeres

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21
Q

Thick filaments are made up of

A

Myosin

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22
Q

Thin filaments are made up of

A

Actin, topomyosin, troponin

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23
Q

Separates sarcomeres from each other

A

Z-disc

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24
Q

Dark, middle, overlap ng myosin and actin

A

A band

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25
Q

Lighter, thin filament lang

A

I band

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26
Q

Thick filament lang

A

H zone

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27
Q

Protein that causes muscles to contract

A

Myosin

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28
Q

Contains myosin-binding sites

A

Actin

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29
Q

Wraps around actin and covers myosin binding sites on actin

A

Tropomyosin

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30
Q

Moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites

A

Troponin

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31
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Myosin and actin

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32
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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33
Q

Largest sa structural proteins

A

Titin

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34
Q

SFT: begins w/ what

A

Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

SFT: Ca binds first to..

A

troponin

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36
Q

SFT: Ano after sa troponin

A

Troponin moves tropomyosin, which exposes the actin active site

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37
Q

SFT: Ano next when exposed na actin active site

A

Myosin head forms cross-bridge and bend towards M-line

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38
Q

SFT: What releases cross-bridge

A

ATP

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39
Q

Focal point where motor neuron attaches to muscle

A

Neuromuscular junctions

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40
Q

Neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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41
Q

When is acetylcholine released

A

When action potential reaches synapse

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42
Q

Short muscle contraction

A

Muscle twitch

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43
Q

Very prolonged contraction

A

Tetanus

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44
Q

What produces paralysis

A

Loss of function at the junction

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45
Q

Muscle tension less than opposing force, muscle remains at the same length

A

Isometric contraction

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46
Q

Muscle tension greater than opposing force, muscle shortens

A

Isotonic contraction

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47
Q

Skeletal muscle stays partially contracted at all times

A

Muscle tone

48
Q

How muscles derive ATP

A

Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic glycolysis
Cellular respiration

49
Q

Inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity

A

Muscle fatigue

50
Q

Muscle fatigue is due to

A

inadequate release of CA from SR
Depletion of CP, oxygen, nutrients
Build up of lactic acid and ADP
Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ

51
Q

Slow muscle

A

Red msucles

52
Q

Fast muscle

A

White muscle

53
Q

Can sustain contraction for a long period

A

Slow/ red muscle

54
Q

Muscle packed with myoglobin and mitochondria

A

Slow/ red muscle

55
Q

Less myoglobin and mitochondria, contract rapidly

A

Fast/ white muscle

56
Q

Sudden and involuntary muscle cont

57
Q

Painful spasm that doesn’t immediately release (often sa calf and thigh)

58
Q

Involuntary muscle twitches (often sa face and eyelids)

59
Q

Genetic and life-threatening disease common sa children; muscles weaken and shrivel

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

60
Q

Genetic not life-threatening disease usually seen in adults; affects hands and feet

A

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

61
Q

Causes botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

62
Q

Causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

63
Q

Muscles may be named based on

A

Location
Size
Shape
Number of origins
Appearance
Direction of fibers
Origin and insertion
Function

64
Q

Lever S: Force due to muscular contraction

65
Q

Lever S: Weight that is moved

66
Q

Lever S: Fixed point where lever can move around

67
Q

Lever S: Fulcrum between effort and load; uncommon

A

First-class levers

68
Q

Lever S: Effort between fulcrum and load; common

A

Third-class levers

69
Q

Lever S: Neck

70
Q

Lever S: Legs

71
Q

Lever S: Arms

72
Q

All muscle fibers are ___ to one another w/in a single fascicle

73
Q

Muscle fascicles must compromise between what

A

Power and range of motion

74
Q

Longer fibers –> what happens to range of motion?

A

Greater range of motion

75
Q

Power of muscles depend on….

A

total cross-sectional area

76
Q

In opposing muscle pair: muscle responsible for action

A

Prime mover

77
Q

Prime mover is aka?

78
Q

In opposing muscle pair: stretches and yields to effects of the other muslce

A

Antagonist

79
Q

Contract and stabilize intermediate joints

80
Q

Mastication: account for strength of bite

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

81
Q

Mastication: help to chew by moving the mandible from side-to-side

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid

82
Q

Depresses mandible

A

Lateral pterygoid

83
Q

Elevates mandible

A

Medial pterygoid

84
Q

2 muscle in the anterior neck

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid

85
Q

Connective tissue band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphisis

A

Linea alba

86
Q

Form protective layer around the abdomen

A

External and internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

87
Q

Most important respiratory muscle

88
Q

Innervates diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerves C3-C5

89
Q

Form the pelvic diaphragm

A

Levator ani
Ischiococcygeus
Fascia

90
Q

Separates pelvic cavity above from the perineum below

A

Pelvic diaphragm

91
Q

Diamond-shaped area inferior to the pelvic diaphragm

92
Q

Diamond-shaped area inferior to the pelvic diaphragm

93
Q

Deep muscles of perineum assist in what sa both sexes

A

Male: urination and ejaculation
Female: Urination and compression of vagina

94
Q

What increases the range of motion of the humerus

A

Scapular movements

95
Q

Components of rotator cuff muscles

A

SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

96
Q

Innervation of rotator cuff muscles

A

Suprascapular nerve

97
Q

Muscle that cross shoulder joint but don’t originate on the scapula. Bcoz of it, these are considered _______ muscles

A

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
Considered axial muscles

98
Q

Arm flexor

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

99
Q

Arm extensor

A

Triceps brachii
Anconeus

100
Q

Arm pronators

A

Pronator teres and quadratus

101
Q

Strong fascial bands that hold the tendons of extrinsic muscles to the bones

A

Retinacula

102
Q

Produce weak but precise movements

A

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

103
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the hand are…

A

Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, thumb, and fingers

104
Q

Intrinsic muscle of the hand are…

A

Muscles of the palm that move digits

105
Q

3 groups of intrinsic hand muscles

A

Thenar
Hypothenar
Intermediate

106
Q

Form the thenar eminence

A

Thenar muscles
Adductor pollicis

107
Q

Form the hypothenar eminence

A

Hypothenar muscles that act on the little finger

108
Q

Thumb is positioned at __________ to the other digits, which causes movement of thumb to be ____________

A

right angle
defined in different planes compared to other digits

109
Q

What does splenius do

A

extend the head
laterally flex and rotate the head

110
Q

Erector spinae muscles consist of _____________ and are responsible for _________-

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, Spinalis
responsible for extension of backbone

111
Q

Fibers that run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of vertebrae

A

Transversospinales

112
Q

Major muscle groups that move the thigh

A

Gluteals, adductor muscles

113
Q

Origin and insertion of most muscles that moves the femur

A

Origin: pelvic girdle
Insertion: femur

114
Q

Muscle of the thigh division

A

Medial (adductor) compartment
Anterior (extensor) c.
Posterior (flexor) c.

115
Q

_____________of external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis forms the ___________ which encloses ____________

A

Aponeuroses
Rectus sheath
Rectus abdominis muscles

116
Q

Breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

126 (3 decks)

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