Muscular System Flashcards
What is a Cardiac Muscle give an example?
A muscle that contracts to squeeze oxygenated blood to the working muscles
e.g the heart
What is a Smooth Muscle give an example?
A muscle which controls the flow of blood to less important areas e.g digestive systems
What is a Skeletal Muscle give an example?
A muscle which contracts, and pulls on the tendons which pulls the bones to allow movement to occur
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles
- Non-Fatiguing
- Involuntary
Characteristics of Smooth Muscles
- Slow Contraction
- Involuntary
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles
- Fatiguing
- Voluntary
What are the 3 types of Muscle Fibres
- Type 1
- Type 2a / Type lla
- Type 2b / Type llx
What are type 1 muscle fibres
• Slow twitch fibres
• Contain Myoglobin and Mitochondria
• Slow fatiguing because previous point
• High Aerobic Capacity
What are type 2a muscle fibres
• Medium resistance to fatigue
• Fast contracting
What are type 2b muscle fibres
• Fast fatiguing
• Fastest contracting
• High anaerobic ability
What are the 2 types of muscle contractions?
- Isotonic
- isometric
What the difference between isotonic and isometric?
Isotonic muscles change length when contracting meanwhile isometric muscles contract and stay the same length.
What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions
- Eccentric: The muscle lengthens during contractions
- Concentric: The muscle shortens during contractions
What are the antagonistic muscle pairs
• The agonist is the muscle that contracts
• The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes.
Fixator
Stabilises the origin of the agonist
Synergist
Stabilises the joint that is moving
Responses of the muscular system to exercise? (Short term)
• Increased Blood Supply: Muscles will require more oxygen for exercise so blood supply to them will increase
• Increased Muscle Temperature : Heat is produced as a waste product.
• Increased Muscle Pliability: Due to the heat, muscles become more flexible
• Production of a Lactate: For Anaerobic exercises the body produces CO2 and Lactic acid as by product and the body compensated by using the lactic acid as fuel
• Microtears: During resistance exercise you cause microtears to your muscular tears which are repaired when the training is finished
Adaptations of the Muscular System (Long Term)
• Increase Glycogen Store: There is more space to store this and use as energy
• Increase Fat Stores: There is more space to store this and use as energy
• Increased Myoglobin Stores: There is more space to store this and use as energy
• Hypertrophy: Muscles size increases due to regular physical activity and exercise
• Increased number and size of Mitochondria: It produces ATP, which is used to supply oxygen to muscles for exercise.
• Increased Tendon Strength: This improved strength, range of motion and injury prevention because the tendons become stronger and more flexible.
• Increased Lactate Tolerance
Pathways of gases (Respiratory System)
- Starts at the Nasal Cavity or Oral Cavity
- Passes through the Pharynx
- Then the Epiglottis
- Then the Larynx
- To the Trachea
- After it goes to the Brioche
- Into the Bronchioles
- And lands in the Alveoli where gaseous exchange happens
What is Gasous Exchanged
This is when oxygen moves from the alveoli ,which has a high concentration of oxygen, to the blood in the capillary , low concentration, and the CO2 moves from the blood to the alveoli. This whole process happens through diffusion.
Mechanics of Breathing
Air enters the body causing the intercostal muscles to contract causing the ribs to move up and out and the diaphragm contracts and flattens and goes downwards
• When breathing out the opposite happens
Tidal Volume
Is the amount of air that move in or out the with each respiratory cycle
Minute Ventilation
• Minute Ventilation = Breathing frequency x Tidal Volume
• The volume of air inspired or expired each minute
Vital Capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after the maximum inspiration.
Total lung capacity
How much air can be held in the lungs after maximum inhalation
Residual Volume
Amount of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration
Responses of the Respiratory System (Short Term)
• Increased Breathing Rate: To prevent fatigue and provide the required oxygen and nutrients.
• Increased Tidal Volume: Allows more oxygen to be inhaled and more CO2 to be exhaled
Adaptations of Respiratory System (Long Term)
• Increased Vital Capacity: Becomes better at delivering muscles and removing CO2 because of increased strength
What’s the difference between arteries and veins
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
What is the function capillaries
This is where gaseous exchange with the alveoli occurs
What does SAAB PV stand for?
- Sinoatrial Node
• Atrial Systole - Atrioventricular Node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibres
• Ventricular Node
What composes the blood
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Plasma
Responses of Cardiovascular System (Short Term)
•Anticipatory Rise: Body knows it’s about to exercise so it prepares itself by transporting the oxygen and nutrients
• Increased Heart Rate: This is due to Anticipatory Rise
• Increased Cardiac Output
• Increased Blood Pressure
• Redirection of Blood Flow
What is the Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation is when the arterioles widen to allow for more blood to go to the working muscles and to remove more waste products
• Vasoconstriction is when the arterioles become smaller to lower the amount of blood going to unused muscles E.g digestive system
Adaptation of the Cardiaovascular System? (Long Term)
• Cardiac Hypertrophy
• Decreased Resting Heart Rate
• Increased blood volume
Characteristics of the ATP-PC system
• It Lasts 10 seconds
• Takes 10-12 seconds to recover
Characteristics Lactate System
• Lasts 2-3 minutes
• Produces Lactic Acid as a waste product
• 30-60 mins recovery time
Characteristics of the Aerobic System
• Lasts 2mins to a few hours
• Waste product is CO2 and water
• Can take up to 2 days to recover
