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Anatomy and physiology - Unit 1 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A fibrous tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

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2
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

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3
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for coordinated movement

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4
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

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5
Q

What term is used to describe a pair of muscles that work together?

A

Antagonistic pair

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6
Q

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

A

A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length during its contraction

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7
Q

Name the two types of isotonic muscle contraction?

A

Concentric
Eccentric

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8
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle shortens producing tension
This produces the force to pull two bones closer together causing joint movement

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9
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle lengthens producing tension
This resists forces such as gravity to control joint movement

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10
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle contracts but does not change length
Posture is maintained by muscles isometrically contracting

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11
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

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12
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associates with eccentric muscle contractions

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13
Q

Where can you find the tibialis anterior
What movement does it produce?

A

In the front of the shin
It dorsiflexes your foot

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14
Q

Where can you find the gastrocnemius?
What movement does it produce?

A

In the back of the lower leg (calf)
It plantarflexes the foot

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15
Q

What movements do the hamstrings produce?

A

Flexion of the knee

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16
Q

What movements do the quadriceps produce?

A

Extension of the knee

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17
Q

Where can you find the gluteus maximus?

A

The bottom

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18
Q

What movement does the gluteus maximum produce?

A

Extension (and hyperextension) of the hip

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19
Q

Where can you find the adductor muscles?

A

On the inside of the upper leg
From the pelvis to the femur

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20
Q

What movement do the adductor muscles produce?

A

Towards the midline of the body

Eg Adduction of the hip

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21
Q

Where can you find the deltoid muscle?

A

In the shoulder

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22
Q

What movement does the deltoid produce?

A

Abduction of the shoulder

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23
Q

Where is the latissimus dorsi?

A

Sides of the back

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24
Q

What movement does the latissimus dorsi produce?

A

Adduction of the arm (shoulder joint)

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25
Q

Which muscle creates dorsi flexion at the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior

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26
Q

Which muscle creates plantar flexion at the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius

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27
Q

Which muscles brings about flexion at the knee?

A

Hamstrings

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28
Q

Which muscles brings about extension at the knee?

A

Quadriceps

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29
Q

Which muscle brings about extension at the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

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30
Q

Which muscle abducts the shoulder

A

Deltoid

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31
Q

Which muscle brings about adduction at the shoulder joint?

A

Latissimus dorsi

32
Q

What movement do the biceps produce?

A

Flexion of the elbow

33
Q

What movement do the triceps produce?

A

Extension of the elbow

34
Q

Which muscle creates flexion at the elbow when it contracts concentrically?

35
Q

Which muscle creates extension at the elbow when it contracts concentrically?

36
Q

Name 1 core muscles that is particularly important to stabilise the spine

A

Abdominals

37
Q

Which muscle flexes the trunk?

A

Abdominals

38
Q

Give 2 examples of muscles that work together to create antagonistic pairs

A

biceps and triceps
quadriceps and hamstring

39
Q

Which muscle extends the knee?

A

quadriceps

40
Q

Which muscle flexes the knee?

A

hamstrings

41
Q

Which muscle extends the elbow

42
Q

Which muscle flexes the elbow

43
Q

When performing the upwards phase of a bicep curl, which muscle is the agonist?

44
Q

When performing the downwards phase of a bicep curl, which muscle is the antagonist?

45
Q

When extending your knee to kick a ball, which muscle is the agonist?

46
Q

When extending your knee to kick a ball, which muscle is the antagonist?

A

hamstrings

47
Q

When straightening your elbow to throw a javelin, which muscle is the agonist?

48
Q

When straightening your elbow to throw a javelin, which muscle is the antagonist?

49
Q

When flexing your knee to perform a squat, which muscle is the agonist?

A

hamstrings

50
Q

When flexing your knee to perform a squat, which muscle is the antagonist?

A

quadriceps

51
Q

What is the correct term for bending?

52
Q

What is the correct term for straightening?

53
Q

What term means that you shorten the angle at a joint?

54
Q

Which term means that you increase the angle at a joint?

55
Q

Which term means that you take a limb away from the midline of a body?

56
Q

Which term means that you bring a limb towards the midline of the body?

57
Q

Which muscle can be found in your upper back and neck?

58
Q

Which muscle is found in your shoulders?

59
Q

Which muscle is found at the front of your upper arm?

60
Q

Which muscle is found at the back of your upper arm?

61
Q

Which muscle is found in the sides of your lower back?

A

latissimus dorsi

62
Q

Which muscle is found in your stomach?

A

abdominals

63
Q

Which muscle is found in your bottom?

A

gluteals / gluteus maximus

64
Q

Which muscle is found in the front of your thigh?

A

quadriceps

65
Q

Which muscle is found in the back of your thigh?

A

hamstrings

66
Q

Which muscle is found in your calf?

A

gastrocnemius

67
Q

Which muscles are found in your chest?

68
Q

What builds up in your muscles during high intensity exercise that can cause muscle fatigue?

A

lactic acid

69
Q

What term is used to describe how muscles get bigger and stronger after weeks of training?

A

hypertrophy

70
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on your muscles?

A

they fatigue (get tired), they ache, lactic acid builds up

71
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise no your muscles?

A

they get bigger and stronger (hypertrophy)

72
Q

What are the qualities of type 1 muscle fibers?

A

Type 1 are slow twitch
They contract slowly
They contract with less force
They are the most resistant to fatigue
They are suited to longer duration, aerobic activities
They have a rich blood supply
They contain many mitochondria (site for aerobic respiration)
They have a high capacity for aerobic respiration

73
Q

What are the qualities of 2a muscle fibers?

A

They are known as fast twitch fibres/fast-oxidative fibres
They are able to produce a great force when contracting
They are resistant to fatigue
They fatigue faster than type 1 fibres
They use oxygen
They are suited to speed, power and strength activities

74
Q

What are the qualities of 2x muscle fibers?

A

They are known as fast twitch fibres/fast-glycolytic fibres
They produce the greatest force when contracting
They contract rapidly
They least resistant to fatigue (fatigue the quickest)
They are suited to anaerobic activities
They depend upon anaerobic respiration
Recruited for high intensity/short duration activities

75
Q

What is the all or nothing law?

A

Once activated, all the muscles fibres within the motor unit contract. If the impulse is not strong enough to activate the motor unit, then none of the muscles contract.

76
Q

What is the process called when your body loses muscles mass due to age?

A

Sarcopenia

77
Q

What type of joint does adduction and abduction occur at?

A

Ball and socket

Anatomy and physiology - Unit 1 (4 decks)

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