Muscular System Flashcards
Describe the main movement action of the trapezius and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Moves head back and sideways. Rotates the shoulder.
Sporting example - Swimmer turning their head to breathe.
Describe the main movement action of the deltoid and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Flexion, extension and abduction at the shoulder.
Sporting example - Overhead clear in badminton.
Describe the main movement action of the pectoral and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Moves the arm at the shoulder through adduction.
Sporting example - Forehand drive in tennis.
Describe the main movement action of the bicep and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Flexion of the arm at the elbow.
Sporting example - Bending the arms at the elbow for a throw-in in football.
Describe the main movement action of the tricep and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Extension at the elbow.
Sporting example - Releasing a javelin or ball.
Describe the main movement action of the latissimus dorsi and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Adduction of the arms at the shoulder.
Sporting example - Swimming strokes.
Describe the main movement action of the abdominals and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Flexion of the spine.
Sporting example - Rowing. Tuck during a roll.
Describe the main movement action of the hip flexors and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Flexion at the hip.
Sporting example - Lifting knees during a sprint.
Describe the main movement action of the gluteals and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Extention and abduction of the leg at the hip.
Sporting example - Movement of the legs during hurdles. Preparation of a kick in football. Abduction of legs during breaststroke.
Describe the main movement action of the quadriceps and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Extension at the knee.
Sporting example - Upwards phase of jump for a netball rebound.
Describe the main movement action of the gastrocnemious and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Plantar flexion at the ankle.
Sporting example - Take-off for a lay-up in basketball.
Describe the main movement action of the hamstrings and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Flexion of the leg at the knee.
Sporting example - Pulling the knee back before striking a ball.
Describe the main movement action of the tibialis anterior and provide a suitable sporting action
Movement - Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle.
Sporting example - Walking or running.
Define agonist
The muscle that contracts to create movememt (also called prime mover).
Define antgonist
The muscle that relaxes during movement.
Define antgonistic muscle pair
Pairs of muscles that work in opposition; they create movement when one muscle contracts and the other relaxes.
Define origin
Where a muscle joins a stationary bone.
Define insertion
Where a muscle joins a moving bone.
State 3 antagonistic pairs
- Bicep and Tricep
- Hamstring and Quadricep
- Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
What two types of contraction can be characterised as an isotonic contraction?
Where muscles change length as they contract.
Concentric and eccentric.
What is a concentric muscle contraction? Give an example.
Contraction where the muscle shortens.
Example - During the lifting phase of a bicep curl, the bicep shortens (concentric)
What is an eccentric muscle contraction? Give an example.
Contraction where the muscle lengthens.
Example - During the lifting phase of a bicep curl, the tricep lengthens (eccentric)
Tip: Eccentric = Extend
What is an isometric muscle contraction? Give an example.
Where the muscles contract but stay the same length.
Example - Vertebral column in rugby scrum. Abdominals during a plank. Holding the dumbell in a static position during a bicep curl.
Define muscle fibre
Basic building block of a muscle; they contract when a message from the brain tells them to, bringing about movement.
State two factors that affect the proportion of muscle fibres in a person
- Inherited from parents - genetics
- Altered through training
State the two muscle fibre types
Slow twitch
Fast twitch
What are the characteristics of slow twitch fibres?
Use oxygen (aerobic) and have a good oxygen supply
Work for longer without tiring
Work slowly and have little force
What are the characteristics of fast twitch fibres?
Contract quickly an produce fast and powerful actions
Work without oxygen (anaerobic)
Tire easily
Used in high intensity exercise
What is aerobic respiration? State the equation.
Submaximal exercise over a sustained period where oxygen is present. Used by slow twitch muscle fibres.
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is anaerobic respiration? State the equation.
Exercise of a high intensity and a shorter duration where oxygen is not present. Produces energy quickly but is inefficient. Energy lasts up to 1 minute but a build up of lactic acid is detrimental to performance and oxygen debt occurs. Occurs in fast twitch muscle fibres.
Glucose = Lactic Acid + Energy
