muscular system Flashcards
smooth muscle tissue
visceral, contribute to wall of organ and blood vessel
cardiac muscle tissue
visceral, in heart
skeletal muscle tissue
somatic, muscles that attach to bone, skin and move the body
what muscle ?
Orbicularis oculi:
in eyelids, contraction closes eyelids
what muscle ?
Nasalis:
attached to cartilage of the nose
flres nostrils
what muscle ?
orbicularis oris
around skin of oral fissure
purses lips
what muscle?
frontal belly
raises eyebrows
(part of scalp muscles and epicranium)
what muscle?
epicranial aponeurosis
flat tendon
(part of the scalp muscles and epicranium)
what muscle?
occipital belly
(part of scalp muscle and epicranium)
what nerves innervates scalp and face
CN VII
facial nerve
what muscle?
temporalis
- arises from temporal fossa
- inserts to ramus (coronoid process) of mandible
- elevates mandible
what muscle?
Masseter
- arises from zygomatic arch
- inserts to lateral surface of the ramus of mandible
- elevates mandible and clenches teeth
what muscle?
lateral pterygoid
- arises from sphenoid bone
- inserts to condyle(neck) of mandible and articular disc of TMJ
- protrude and moves mandible side to side, helps open mouth
what muscle?
Medial pterygoid
- arises: sphenoid bone
- inserts: medial surface of ramus of mandible
- elevates mandible, move it side to side
what are both the lateral and medial pterygoid in charge of?
contralateral deviation of the mandible
- side to side movement
what nerves innervate muscles of mastication ?
CN V: trigeminal
V3 of trigeminal
what muscles?
extraocular muscles
what muscle?
levator pelpebrae susperioris
(elevate eyelid superior)
what nerves innervate the extraocular muscles
CN III, IV, VI
oculomotor, trochlear, abducent
what muscles?
laryngeal elevators
- longtitudinal muscles
- shorten pharynx and elevate larynx
what muscles?
Pharyngeal constrictors
- encircle pharynx (circular muscles)
what nerves innervate the pharyngeal muscles (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
all supported by CN X (vagus) except stylopharyngeus
what muscle?
palatal muscles
- arises: base of cranium ; inserts: soft palate
- arises: soft palte ; inserts: pharynx/tongue
1 elevates and stretches soft palate
2 depresses soft palate
what nerves innervate the soft palate?
all CN X (vagus) excpet tensor veli palatini
(pulls membrane palate)
what muscles?
extrinsic tongue muscles
- arises: soft palate, mandible, styloid process, hyoid bone
- inserts: tongue
what nerves innervate the muscles of tongue
all innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus
what muscle?
sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
- arises: manubrium of sternum & clavicle
- inserts; mastoid process of temporal bone
- contracted unilaterally –> bends neck contralaterally
- part of superficial neck muscles
- innervated by CN XI (accessory)
what muscle
infrahyoid muscles
- ariss: sternum / scapula
- inserts: hyoid bone / thyroid cartilage
- depress hyoid bone and larynx
- innervated by ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus)
what muscles
suprahyoid muscles
- arises: temporal bone/mandible
- inserts: hyoid bone
- elevate hyoid bone and larynx / depress mandible
- innervated by CNV (trigeminal) and CNVII (facial) (mandibular region)
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
- stretched btw laryngeal cartilages
- changes length of vocal cord during phonation and repiration
- innervated by CN X (vagus)
extrinsic laryngeal muscles
supra and infrahyoid muscles
- because they can elevate and depress larynx they are considered extrinsic
what muscle?
scalenes
- arises: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (excpet CI)
- inserts: first / second ribs
- elevate the first two ribs / laterally flexes neck
- innervated by anterior rami of some of cervical spinal nerves.
what muscle?
prevertebral muscles
- arises: upper thoracic / cervical vertebrae
- inserts: upper cervical vertebrae / occipital bone
- flex head and neck
- innervated by anterior rami of some of cervical spinal nerves
superficial back muscles
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- rhomboids
- levator scapula
trapezius
- arises: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII
- inserts: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
- elevate, depress, retract (adduction) of scapula
- upward rotation od scapula (bring hand above head)
- innervation: CN XI (accesory)
latissimus dorsi
- arises: spinous processes of TVII to LV, sacral and iliac crests
- inserts: intertubercular groove of humerus
- extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoudler joint
- innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
levator scapulae
- arises: transverse processes of CI to CIV
- inserts: upper part of medial border of scapula
- elevates scapula
- innervation: dorsal scapular nerve, C3 C4 spinal nerves
rhomboid minor
- arises : spinous processes CVII to TI
- inserts: medial border of scapula at the spine
- retraction (adduction) and elevation of scapula
- innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
rhomboid major
- arise: spinous processes of TII to TV
- inserts: medial border of scapula btw spine and inferior angle
- retraction(adduction) and elevation of scapula
- innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Intermediate back muscles
- serratus posterior superior
- serratus posterior inferior
- (accesory respiratory muscles)
- innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
serratus posterior superior
- arises: spinous processes of CVII to TIII
- inserts: ribs II to V
- elevate ribs II to V
- innervation: anterior rami of T2 to T5
serratus posterior inferior
- arises: spinous processes of TXI to LIII
- inserts: ribs IX to XII
- depresses ribs IX to XII
- anterior rami of T9 to T11
deep back muscles
- erector
- transverseospinalis
- segmental
erector muscles
name muscles from lateral to medial
- three longitudinal bands (lateral to medial)
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
- I-L-S (I love spaghetti)
transversospinalis
name from superficial to deep
- semispinalis
- multifidus
- rotatores
- arises: transverse process
- insert: spinous processes
- innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerve at corresponding level)
segmental
(name from meidal to lateral)
- interspinales (btw spinous processes)
- intertransversarii (btw transverse processes)
- levator costarum (elevate ribs)
extrinsic muscles of thorax
- arises: thorax
- inserts: upper limb
- pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
- subclavius muscle
what muscle?
subclavius
- arises: 1st rib
- inserts: groove of inferior surface of clavicle
- depression of clavicle
- innervation: nerve to subclavius
what muscle ?
pectoralis minor
- arises: ribs II to V
- inserts: coracoid process of scapula
- function: abduction of scapula
- innervation: medial and latral pectoral nerevs
what muscle?
pectoralis major
- arise: medial half of clavicle and sternum
- insert: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
- function: adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint
- innervation: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
what muscle?
serratus anterior
- arise: ribs I to IX
- insert: medial border of scapula
- function: adduction and upward rotation of scapula
- innervation: long thoracic nerve
intrinsic muscles of thorax
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
what muscle?
external intercostal muscle (more superficial)
- arise: lower border of rib above
- insert: superior border of rib below
- function: elevate rib below (inhalation)
- innervation: intercostal nerves (anterior ramus of TI to TXII)
what muscle?
internal intercostal
- arise: superior border of the rib below
- insert: inferior border of the rib above
- function: depress rib above (exhalation)
- innervation: intercostal nerves (anterior ramus of TI to TXII)
- muscle fibre direction: hands in jean pocket
what opening of the diaphragm is this?
foramen for inferior vena cava (IVC)
- at the level of TXIII
what opening of the diaphragm is this?
foramen for aorta
- at level of TXII
what opening of the diphragm is this?
foramen for esophagus
- at level of TX
diaphragm
- arise: xiphoid process of sternum; lower 6 ribs, upper 3 lumber vertebrae
- insert: central tendon of diaphragm
- 75% of respiration by diaphragm, 25% by external intercostal muscle
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
- flexes and roates the trunk
- increases abdominal cavity pressure
- recus abdominis
- external abdominal oblique
- internal abdominal oblique
- transverse abdominis
posterior abdominal wall muscles
- extends and laterally flexes trunk
- flexes and lateraly rotates hip joint
- psoas major (part of iliopsoas muscle)
- iliacus (part of iliopsoas muscle)
- quadratus lumborum
what muscle?
rectus abdominis
- arise: pubic bone and pubic symphysis
- insert: xiphoid process & costal cartilages V to VII
- function: compression of abdominal viscera & flexion of trunk
- innervation: anterior rami of T7 to T12
what muscle?
external abdominal oblique
- arise: lower 8 ribs
- insert: iliac crest, pubic bone, linea alba
- function: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion & contralateral rotation of trunk
- innervation: anterior rami of T7 to T12
what muscle?
internal abdominal oblique
- arise: iliac crest & inguinal ligament
- insert: lower 4 ribs & linea alba
- function: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion & ilpsilateral rotation of trunk
- innervation: anterior rami of T7 to L1
what muscle?
transversus abdominis
- arise: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lower 6 ribs
- insert: linea alba
- function: compression of abdominal viscera
- innervation: anterior rami of T7 to L1
what muscle?
aponeurosis
- flat tendon that attaches anterolateral abdominal muscles (except rectus abdominis) to their insertion
- attaches to linea alba
what muscle?
inguinal ligament
- inferior border of aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle
- stretched btw anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to pubic tubercle
what muscle?
linea alba
- band of dense connective tissue formed by union of aponeurosis of anterolateral abdominal muscles in the midline
- extends f_rom xyphoid process to pubic symphysis_
what muscle?
rectus sheath
- formed by aponeuroses of external, internal and transversus abdominus muscles
- almost completely invests the rectus abdominis muscle
inguinal canal
- located parallel and little above medial half of the inguinal ligament
- formed by external, internal and transversus abominis msucles
- 2 openings: DEEP and SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RINGS
- contains spermatic cord in male (testicles descend thru inguinal canal in males)
- round ligament of uterus in females
what muscle?
quadratus lumborum
- arise: transverse process of LV and iliac crest
- insert: transverse process of LI to LIV and rib XII
- function: extension and lateral flexion of trunk & flexion of rib XII
- innervation: anterior rami of T12-L4
what muscle?
psoas major (part of iliopsoas muscle)
- arise: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae & intervening discs
- insert: lesser trochanter of femur
- function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
- innervation: anterior rami of L1 to L3
what muscle?
iliacus (part of iliopsoas muscle)
- arise: iliac fossa
- insert: lesser trochanter of femur
- function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
- innervation: femoral nerve
muscle of pelvis classification
- pelvic wall muscles
- pelvic diaphragm
- perineal muscles
pelvic wall muscles
- arise : pelvic cavity
- insert: femur
- piriformis
- obturator internus
what muscle?
piriformis (lateral pelvis wall muscle)
- attaches to anterior sacrum
- goes to thigh –> act on hip joint
what muscle
obturator internus
pelvis diaphragm
- from left and right sides join to form muscular funnel shaped membrane btw true pelvis and perineum
- supports pelvic viscera
- levator ani
- coccygeus muscle
what muscle?
levator ani
- arise: inner surface of hip bone
- anterior fibers merge with fibers of the opposite side levator ani
- posterior fibers insert to sacrum and coccyx
- innervation: branches from sacral plexus
what muscle?
coccygeus
- arise: ischial spine
- insert: coccyx and sacrum
- function: support pelvic viscera
- innervation: branches of sacral plexus
perineum
- diamond shaped area located inferior to the pelvic daiphragm btw the thighs
- horizontal line drawn btw ischial tuberosities.
- anterior urogenital triangle
- posterior anal triangle
urogenital triangle
- distal part of urethra
- external genitalia
- perineal muscles (except external anal sphincter)
- bulbospongiosus
- ischiocavernosus
what muscle?
ischiocavernosus
- assist in maintaining erection of penis / clitoris
- cover root of external genitalia
what muscle?
bulbospongiosus
- help drain last drops of urine in males
- sphincter for vaginal opening in females
- cover the root of external genitalia
innervation of the perineal muscles?
pudendal nerve
- S2, 3, 4 (somatic)
what muscle?
external anal sphincter
- closes anus
what muscle?
leavtor ani
- part of pelvic diaphragm
muscles of scapular region
- subscapularis
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- teres major
rotator cuff
- subscapularis
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- reinforce shoulder joint capsule and stabilze joint
- role of supporting shoulder joint more important for these muscles than moving the joint
what muscle ?
supraspinatus
- arise: supraspinous fossa of scapula
- insert: greater tubercle of humerus
- function: abduction of shoulder joint
- innervation: suprascapular nerve
what muscle?
infraspinatus
- arise: infraspinous fossa of scapula
- insert: greater tubercle of humerus
- function: lateral rotation of shoulder joint
- suprascapular nerve
what muscle?
teres minor
- arise: upper lateral border of scapula
- insert: greater tubercle of humerus
- function: lateral rotation of shoulder joint
- innervation: axillary nerve
what muscle?
teres major
- arise: lower lateral border of scapula
- insert: medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
- function: medial rotation of shoulder joint
- innervation: lower subscapular nerve
what muscle?
subscapularis
- arise: subscapular fossa of scapula
- insert: lesser tubercle of humerus
- function: medial rotation of shoulder joint
- innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves
muscles of deltoid region?
deltoid
what muscle?
deltoid
- arise: spine of scapula, acromion, lateral third of clavicle
- insert: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
- function: abduction of shoulder joint
- innervation: axilary nerve