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muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

visceral, contribute to wall of organ and blood vessel

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2
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

visceral, in heart

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3
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

somatic, muscles that attach to bone, skin and move the body

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4
Q

what muscle ?

A

Orbicularis oculi:

in eyelids, contraction closes eyelids

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5
Q

what muscle ?

A

Nasalis:

attached to cartilage of the nose

flres nostrils

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6
Q

what muscle ?

A

orbicularis oris

around skin of oral fissure

purses lips

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7
Q

what muscle?

A

frontal belly

raises eyebrows

(part of scalp muscles and epicranium)

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8
Q

what muscle?

A

epicranial aponeurosis

flat tendon

(part of the scalp muscles and epicranium)

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9
Q

what muscle?

A

occipital belly

(part of scalp muscle and epicranium)

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10
Q

what nerves innervates scalp and face

A

CN VII

facial nerve

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11
Q

what muscle?

A

temporalis

  • arises from temporal fossa
  • inserts to ramus (coronoid process) of mandible
  • elevates mandible
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12
Q

what muscle?

A

Masseter

  • arises from zygomatic arch
  • inserts to lateral surface of the ramus of mandible
  • elevates mandible and clenches teeth
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13
Q

what muscle?

A

lateral pterygoid

  • arises from sphenoid bone
  • inserts to condyle(neck) of mandible and articular disc of TMJ
  • protrude and moves mandible side to side, helps open mouth
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14
Q

what muscle?

A

Medial pterygoid

  • arises: sphenoid bone
  • inserts: medial surface of ramus of mandible
  • elevates mandible, move it side to side
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15
Q

what are both the lateral and medial pterygoid in charge of?

A

contralateral deviation of the mandible

  • side to side movement
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16
Q

what nerves innervate muscles of mastication ?

A

CN V: trigeminal

V3 of trigeminal

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17
Q

what muscles?

A

extraocular muscles

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18
Q

what muscle?

A

levator pelpebrae susperioris

(elevate eyelid superior)

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19
Q

what nerves innervate the extraocular muscles

A

CN III, IV, VI

oculomotor, trochlear, abducent

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20
Q

what muscles?

A

laryngeal elevators

  • longtitudinal muscles
  • shorten pharynx and elevate larynx
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21
Q

what muscles?

A

Pharyngeal constrictors

  • encircle pharynx (circular muscles)
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22
Q

what nerves innervate the pharyngeal muscles (inner longitudinal and outer circular)

A

all supported by CN X (vagus) except stylopharyngeus

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23
Q

what muscle?

A

palatal muscles

  1. arises: base of cranium ; inserts: soft palate
  2. arises: soft palte ; inserts: pharynx/tongue

1 elevates and stretches soft palate

2 depresses soft palate

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24
Q

what nerves innervate the soft palate?

A

all CN X (vagus) excpet tensor veli palatini

(pulls membrane palate)

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25
Q

what muscles?

A

extrinsic tongue muscles

  • arises: soft palate, mandible, styloid process, hyoid bone
  • inserts: tongue
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26
Q

what nerves innervate the muscles of tongue

A

all innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus

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27
Q

what muscle?

A

sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

  • arises: manubrium of sternum & clavicle
  • inserts; mastoid process of temporal bone
  • contracted unilaterally –> bends neck contralaterally
  • part of superficial neck muscles
  • innervated by CN XI (accessory)
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28
Q

what muscle

A

infrahyoid muscles

  • ariss: sternum / scapula
  • inserts: hyoid bone / thyroid cartilage
  • depress hyoid bone and larynx
  • innervated by ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus)
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29
Q

what muscles

A

suprahyoid muscles

  • arises: temporal bone/mandible
  • inserts: hyoid bone
  • elevate hyoid bone and larynx / depress mandible
  • innervated by CNV (trigeminal) and CNVII (facial) (mandibular region)
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30
Q

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A
  • stretched btw laryngeal cartilages
  • changes length of vocal cord during phonation and repiration
  • innervated by CN X (vagus)
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31
Q

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

supra and infrahyoid muscles

  • because they can elevate and depress larynx they are considered extrinsic
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32
Q

what muscle?

A

scalenes

  • arises: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (excpet CI)
  • inserts: first / second ribs
  • elevate the first two ribs / laterally flexes neck
  • innervated by anterior rami of some of cervical spinal nerves.
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33
Q

what muscle?

A

prevertebral muscles

  • arises: upper thoracic / cervical vertebrae
  • inserts: upper cervical vertebrae / occipital bone
  • flex head and neck
  • innervated by anterior rami of some of cervical spinal nerves
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34
Q

superficial back muscles

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • rhomboids
  • levator scapula
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35
Q

trapezius

A
  • arises: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII
  • inserts: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
  • elevate, depress, retract (adduction) of scapula
  • upward rotation od scapula (bring hand above head)
  • innervation: CN XI (accesory)
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36
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • arises: spinous processes of TVII to LV, sacral and iliac crests
  • inserts: intertubercular groove of humerus
  • extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoudler joint
  • innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
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37
Q

levator scapulae

A
  • arises: transverse processes of CI to CIV
  • inserts: upper part of medial border of scapula
  • elevates scapula
  • innervation: dorsal scapular nerve, C3 C4 spinal nerves
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38
Q

rhomboid minor

A
  • arises : spinous processes CVII to TI
  • inserts: medial border of scapula at the spine
  • retraction (adduction) and elevation of scapula
  • innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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39
Q

rhomboid major

A
  • arise: spinous processes of TII to TV
  • inserts: medial border of scapula btw spine and inferior angle
  • retraction(adduction) and elevation of scapula
  • innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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40
Q

Intermediate back muscles

A
  • serratus posterior superior
  • serratus posterior inferior
  • (accesory respiratory muscles)
  • innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
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41
Q

serratus posterior superior

A
  • arises: spinous processes of CVII to TIII
  • inserts: ribs II to V
  • elevate ribs II to V
  • innervation: anterior rami of T2 to T5
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42
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A
  • arises: spinous processes of TXI to LIII
  • inserts: ribs IX to XII
  • depresses ribs IX to XII
  • anterior rami of T9 to T11
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43
Q

deep back muscles

A
  • erector
  • transverseospinalis
  • segmental
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44
Q

erector muscles

name muscles from lateral to medial

A
  • three longitudinal bands (lateral to medial)
  1. iliocostalis
  2. longissimus
  3. spinalis
  • I-L-S (I love spaghetti)
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45
Q

transversospinalis

name from superficial to deep

A
  1. semispinalis
  2. multifidus
  3. rotatores
  • arises: transverse process
  • insert: spinous processes
  • innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerve at corresponding level)
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46
Q

segmental

(name from meidal to lateral)

A
  1. interspinales (btw spinous processes)
  2. intertransversarii (btw transverse processes)
  3. levator costarum (elevate ribs)
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47
Q

extrinsic muscles of thorax

A
  • arises: thorax
  • inserts: upper limb
  1. pectoralis major
  2. pectoralis minor
  3. serratus anterior
  4. subclavius muscle
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48
Q

what muscle?

A

subclavius

  • arises: 1st rib
  • inserts: groove of inferior surface of clavicle
  • depression of clavicle
  • innervation: nerve to subclavius
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49
Q

what muscle ?

A

pectoralis minor

  • arises: ribs II to V
  • inserts: coracoid process of scapula
  • function: abduction of scapula
  • innervation: medial and latral pectoral nerevs
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50
Q

what muscle?

A

pectoralis major

  • arise: medial half of clavicle and sternum
  • insert: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
  • function: adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint
  • innervation: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
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51
Q

what muscle?

A

serratus anterior

  • arise: ribs I to IX
  • insert: medial border of scapula
  • function: adduction and upward rotation of scapula
  • innervation: long thoracic nerve
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52
Q

intrinsic muscles of thorax

A
  1. intercostal muscles
  2. diaphragm
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53
Q

what muscle?

A

external intercostal muscle (more superficial)

  • arise: lower border of rib above
  • insert: superior border of rib below
  • function: elevate rib below (inhalation)
  • innervation: intercostal nerves (anterior ramus of TI to TXII)
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54
Q

what muscle?

A

internal intercostal

  • arise: superior border of the rib below
  • insert: inferior border of the rib above
  • function: depress rib above (exhalation)
  • innervation: intercostal nerves (anterior ramus of TI to TXII)
  • muscle fibre direction: hands in jean pocket
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55
Q

what opening of the diaphragm is this?

A

foramen for inferior vena cava (IVC)

  • at the level of TXIII
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56
Q

what opening of the diaphragm is this?

A

foramen for aorta

  • at level of TXII
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57
Q

what opening of the diphragm is this?

A

foramen for esophagus

  • at level of TX
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58
Q

diaphragm

A
  • arise: xiphoid process of sternum; lower 6 ribs, upper 3 lumber vertebrae
  • insert: central tendon of diaphragm
  • 75% of respiration by diaphragm, 25% by external intercostal muscle
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59
Q

anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A
  • flexes and roates the trunk
  • increases abdominal cavity pressure
  1. recus abdominis
  2. external abdominal oblique
  3. internal abdominal oblique
  4. transverse abdominis
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60
Q

posterior abdominal wall muscles

A
  • extends and laterally flexes trunk
  • flexes and lateraly rotates hip joint
  1. psoas major (part of iliopsoas muscle)
  2. iliacus (part of iliopsoas muscle)
  3. quadratus lumborum
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61
Q

what muscle?

A

rectus abdominis

  • arise: pubic bone and pubic symphysis
  • insert: xiphoid process & costal cartilages V to VII
  • function: compression of abdominal viscera & flexion of trunk
  • innervation: anterior rami of T7 to T12
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62
Q

what muscle?

A

external abdominal oblique

  • arise: lower 8 ribs
  • insert: iliac crest, pubic bone, linea alba
  • function: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion & contralateral rotation of trunk
  • innervation: anterior rami of T7 to T12
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63
Q

what muscle?

A

internal abdominal oblique

  • arise: iliac crest & inguinal ligament
  • insert: lower 4 ribs & linea alba
  • function: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion & ilpsilateral rotation of trunk
  • innervation: anterior rami of T7 to L1
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64
Q

what muscle?

A

transversus abdominis

  • arise: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lower 6 ribs
  • insert: linea alba
  • function: compression of abdominal viscera
  • innervation: anterior rami of T7 to L1
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65
Q

what muscle?

A

aponeurosis

  • flat tendon that attaches anterolateral abdominal muscles (except rectus abdominis) to their insertion
  • attaches to linea alba
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66
Q

what muscle?

A

inguinal ligament

  • inferior border of aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle
  • stretched btw anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to pubic tubercle
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67
Q

what muscle?

A

linea alba

  • band of dense connective tissue formed by union of aponeurosis of anterolateral abdominal muscles in the midline
  • extends f_rom xyphoid process to pubic symphysis_
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68
Q

what muscle?

A

rectus sheath

  • formed by aponeuroses of external, internal and transversus abdominus muscles
  • almost completely invests the rectus abdominis muscle
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69
Q

inguinal canal

A
  • located parallel and little above medial half of the inguinal ligament
  • formed by external, internal and transversus abominis msucles
  • 2 openings: DEEP and SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RINGS
  • contains spermatic cord in male (testicles descend thru inguinal canal in males)
  • round ligament of uterus in females
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70
Q

what muscle?

A

quadratus lumborum

  • arise: transverse process of LV and iliac crest
  • insert: transverse process of LI to LIV and rib XII
  • function: extension and lateral flexion of trunk & flexion of rib XII
  • innervation: anterior rami of T12-L4
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71
Q

what muscle?

A

psoas major (part of iliopsoas muscle)

  • arise: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae & intervening discs
  • insert: lesser trochanter of femur
  • function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: anterior rami of L1 to L3
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72
Q

what muscle?

A

iliacus (part of iliopsoas muscle)

  • arise: iliac fossa
  • insert: lesser trochanter of femur
  • function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
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73
Q

muscle of pelvis classification

A
  1. pelvic wall muscles
  2. pelvic diaphragm
  3. perineal muscles
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74
Q

pelvic wall muscles

A
  • arise : pelvic cavity
  • insert: femur
  1. piriformis
  2. obturator internus
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75
Q

what muscle?

A

piriformis (lateral pelvis wall muscle)

  • attaches to anterior sacrum
  • goes to thigh –> act on hip joint
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76
Q

what muscle

A

obturator internus

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77
Q

pelvis diaphragm

A
  • from left and right sides join to form muscular funnel shaped membrane btw true pelvis and perineum
  • supports pelvic viscera
  • levator ani
  • coccygeus muscle
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78
Q

what muscle?

A

levator ani

  • arise: inner surface of hip bone
  • anterior fibers merge with fibers of the opposite side levator ani
  • posterior fibers insert to sacrum and coccyx
  • innervation: branches from sacral plexus
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79
Q

what muscle?

A

coccygeus

  • arise: ischial spine
  • insert: coccyx and sacrum
  • function: support pelvic viscera
  • innervation: branches of sacral plexus
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80
Q

perineum

A
  • diamond shaped area located inferior to the pelvic daiphragm btw the thighs
  • horizontal line drawn btw ischial tuberosities.
  • anterior urogenital triangle
  • posterior anal triangle
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81
Q

urogenital triangle

A
  • distal part of urethra
  • external genitalia
  • perineal muscles (except external anal sphincter)
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocavernosus
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82
Q

what muscle?

A

ischiocavernosus

  • assist in maintaining erection of penis / clitoris
  • cover root of external genitalia
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83
Q

what muscle?

A

bulbospongiosus

  • help drain last drops of urine in males
  • sphincter for vaginal opening in females
  • cover the root of external genitalia
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84
Q

innervation of the perineal muscles?

A

pudendal nerve

  • S2, 3, 4 (somatic)
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85
Q

what muscle?

A

external anal sphincter

  • closes anus
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86
Q

what muscle?

A

leavtor ani

  • part of pelvic diaphragm
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87
Q

muscles of scapular region

A
  1. subscapularis
  2. supraspinatus
  3. infraspinatus
  4. teres minor
  5. teres major
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88
Q

rotator cuff

A
  1. subscapularis
  2. supraspinatus
  3. infraspinatus
  4. teres minor
  • reinforce shoulder joint capsule and stabilze joint
  • role of supporting shoulder joint more important for these muscles than moving the joint
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89
Q

what muscle ?

A

supraspinatus

  • arise: supraspinous fossa of scapula
  • insert: greater tubercle of humerus
  • function: abduction of shoulder joint
  • innervation: suprascapular nerve
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90
Q

what muscle?

A

infraspinatus

  • arise: infraspinous fossa of scapula
  • insert: greater tubercle of humerus
  • function: lateral rotation of shoulder joint
  • suprascapular nerve
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91
Q

what muscle?

A

teres minor

  • arise: upper lateral border of scapula
  • insert: greater tubercle of humerus
  • function: lateral rotation of shoulder joint
  • innervation: axillary nerve
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92
Q

what muscle?

A

teres major

  • arise: lower lateral border of scapula
  • insert: medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
  • function: medial rotation of shoulder joint
  • innervation: lower subscapular nerve
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93
Q

what muscle?

A

subscapularis

  • arise: subscapular fossa of scapula
  • insert: lesser tubercle of humerus
  • function: medial rotation of shoulder joint
  • innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves
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94
Q

muscles of deltoid region?

A

deltoid

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95
Q

what muscle?

A

deltoid

  • arise: spine of scapula, acromion, lateral third of clavicle
  • insert: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
  • function: abduction of shoulder joint
  • innervation: axilary nerve
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96
Q

muscles of the arm compartments

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
97
Q

anterior compartment of the arm

A
  1. biceps brachii
  2. brachialis
  3. coracobrachialis
  • flex shoulders and elbow joint (flexor-supinator)
  • innervated by musculocutaneous nerve
98
Q

posterior compartment

A
  1. tricpes brachii
  • extends shoulder and elbow joints (extensor)
  • innervated by radial nerve
99
Q

what muscles?

A

biceps brachii

  • consists of long head and short head
100
Q

what muscle?

A

long head

  • arise: supraglenoid tubercle od scapula
  • insert: radial tuberosity of radius
  • function: flexion of elbow joint & supination of forearm
  • innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
101
Q

what muscle

A

short head

  • arise: coracoid process of scapula
  • insert: radial tuberosity of radius
  • function: flexion of elbow joint and supination of forearm
  • innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
102
Q

what muscle?

A

coracobrachialis

  • arise: coracoid process of scapula
  • insert: midshaft of humerus
  • function: flexion of shoulder joint
  • innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
103
Q

what muscle?

A

brachialis

  • arise: anterior surface of distal shaft of humerus
  • insert: ulnar tuberosity
  • function: flexion of elbow joint
  • innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
104
Q

what muscle?

A

triceps brachii (3 heads)

  • long head
  • lateral and medial head
105
Q

what muscle?

A

long head

  • arise: infraglenoid tubercle
  • insert: olecranon process of ulna
  • function: extension of elbow joint
  • innervation: radial nerve
106
Q

what muscle?

A

lateral and medial heads

  • arise: posterior shaft of humerus
  • insert: olecranon process of ulna
  • function: extension of elbow
  • innervation: radial nerve
107
Q

muscles of forearm compartments

A
  • anterior (flexor-pronator)
    1. superficial, intermediate, deep layers
  • posterior (extensor-supinator)
    1. superficial and deep layers
108
Q

superficial layer of anterior compartment of forearm

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
109
Q

pronator teres

A
  • arise: medial epicondyle of humeurs & coronoid process of ulna
  • insert: lateral midshaft of radius
  • function: pronation of forearm
  • innervation: medial nerve
  • “superficial layer of anterior forearm”
110
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A
  • arise: medial epicondyle of humerus
  • insert: base of second and third metacarpals
  • functionL flexion and abduction of wrist joint
  • innervation: median nerve
  • “superficial layer of anterior forearm”
111
Q

palmaris longus

A
  • arise: medial epicondyle of humerus
  • insert: palmar aponeurosis (thicker central part of deep facia)
  • function: flexion of wrist joint
  • innervation: median nerve
  • “superficial layer of anterior forearm”
112
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • arise: medial epicondyle of humerus & olecranon process of ulna
  • insert: base of fifth metacarpal
  • function: flexion and addution of wrist
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • *superficial layer of anterior forearm”
113
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • arise: medial epicondyle fo humerus & coronoid process of ulna & anterior shaft of radius
  • insert: middle phalanges of finger 2 to 5
  • function: flexion of wrsit, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints.
  • innervation: median nerve
  • “intermediate layer of anterior forearm”
114
Q

flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • arise: anterior and medial surfaces of ulnar shaft and interosseous membrane
  • insert: distal phalanges of finger 2 to 5
  • function: flexion of wrist, metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joint.
  • innervation: median and ulnar nerves
  • “deep layer of anterior forearm”
115
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A
  • arise: anterior surface of radial shaft and interosseous membrane
  • insert: distal phalanx of thumb
  • function: flexion of metacarpophalangeal, carpometacarpal joints of thumb
  • innervation: median nerve
  • “deep layer of anterior forearm”
116
Q

pronator quadratus

A
  • arise: distal one fourth of ulnar shaft
  • insert: distal one fourth of radial shaft
  • function: pronation of forearm
  • innervation: median nerve
  • “deep layer of anterior forearm”
117
Q

brachioradialis

A
  • arise: upper part of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • insert: styloid process of radius
  • function: flexion of elbow joint
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
118
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus

A
  • arise: lower part of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • insert: base of the second metacarpal
  • function: extension and abuction of wrist joint
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
119
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
  • arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • insert: base of third metacarpal
  • extension and adbuction of wrist
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
120
Q

extensor digitorum

A
  • arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • insert: middle and distal phalanges of fingers 2 to 5
  • function: extension of wrist and extension od metacarpophalngeal and interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 5
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
121
Q

extensor digiti minimi

A
  • arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • insert: middle and distal phalanges of 5th finger
  • function: extension od metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of 5th finger
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
122
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulnar shaft
  • insert: base of fifth metacarpal
  • function: extension and abduction of wrist joint
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
123
Q

anconeus

A
  • arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • insert: olecranon process and upper posterior surface of ulnar shaft
  • function: extension of elbow joint
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “superficial layer of posterior forearm”
124
Q

supinator

A
  • arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus and upper lateral surface of ulanr shaft
  • insert: upper part of lateral surface of radial shaft
  • function: supination of forearm
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “deep layer of posterior forearm”
125
Q

abductor pollicis longus

A
  • airse: posterior surface of radial and ulnar shafts
  • insert: base of first metacarpal
  • function: abduction of carpometacarpal joint of thumb
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “deep layer of posterior forearm”
126
Q

extensor pollicis brevis

A
  • arise: posterior surface of radial shaft and interosseus membrane
  • insert: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • function: extension of metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “deep layer of posterior forearm”
127
Q

extensor pollicis longus

A
  • arise: posterior surface of ulnar shaft and interosseus membrane
  • insert: base of distal phalanx of thumb
  • function: extension of interphalangral nad metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “deep layer of posterior forearm”
128
Q

extensor indicis

A
  • arise: posterior surface of ulnar shaft and interosseus membrane
  • insert: middle and distal phalanges of the index finger
  • function: extension of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of index finger
  • innervation: radial nerve
  • “deep layer of posterior forearm”
129
Q

medial epicondylitis

A

golf elbow

  • repeated bending of common flexor tendon
130
Q

lateral epicondylitis

A

tennis elbow

  • common extensor tendon painful
131
Q

compartments of hand muscles

A
  • thenar group
  • hypothenar group
  • central group
132
Q

Thenar muscles

A
  • form thenar eminence at base of thumb
  • abduction, flexion, opposition of thumb
  • innervated by median nerve
133
Q

abductor pollicis brevis

A
  • arise: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium
  • insert: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • function: abduction of first carpometacarpal joint
  • innervation: median nerve
  • thenar group
134
Q

flexor pollicis brevis

A
  • arise: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium
  • insert: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • function: flexion of first carpometacarpal joint
  • innervation: median nerve
  • thenar group
135
Q

ooponens pollicis

A
  • arise: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium
  • insert: first metacarpal bone
  • function: ooposition of thumb
  • innervation: median nerve
  • thenar group
136
Q

hypothenar group

A
  • form hypothenar eminence at base of fifth finger
  • abduction, flexion, opposition
  • innervated by ulnar nerve
137
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A
  • arise: pisiform
  • insert: base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger
  • function: abduction of 5th metacarpophalangeal joint
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • hypothenar group
138
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis

A
  • arise: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum
  • insert: base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger
  • function: flexion of 5th metacarpophalangeal joint
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • hypothenar group
139
Q

opponens digiti minimi

A
  • arise: hook of hamate and retinaculum
  • insert: fifth metacarpal bone
  • function: oppoistion of 5th finger
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • hypothenar group
140
Q

adductor pollicis

A
  • oblique head arise: bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals and capitate
  • transverse head arise: shaft of the 3rd metacarapal
  • insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
  • function: adduction of the 1st carpometacarpal joint
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • central group
141
Q

lumbricals (numbered from lateral to medial)

A
  • arise: tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle
  • insert: dorsal digital expansion of fingers 2 to 5
  • function: flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 5
  • innervation: median and ulnar nerves
  • central group
142
Q

dorsal interossei (lateral to medial)

A
  • arise: adjacent surfaces of metacarpals
  • insert: dorsal digital expansion of fingers 2 to 4
  • function: DAB –> abduction of metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 4
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • central group
143
Q

palmar interossei (lateral to medial )

A
  • arise: palmar surfaces of 2nd , 4th, 5th metacarpals
  • insert: dorsal digital expansion of fingers 2, 4, 5
  • function: PAD –> adduction of metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of interphalangeal joints of fingers 2, 4, 5
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
  • central group
144
Q

which subdivisions of the arms are the 3 transitional areas located

A
  1. shoulder
  2. arm
  3. forearms
  4. hands
145
Q

what are the three transitional areas?

A
  1. axilla
  2. cubital fossa
  3. carpal tunnel
146
Q

axilla (transitional area)

A
  • pyramidal space btw root of neck and shoulder area
  • passage for all blood vessels and nerves passing to upper limb
147
Q

anterior wall of axilla

A
  • pectoralis major and minor muscles
148
Q

medial wall of axilla

A
  • thoracic wall (down to 5th rib)
  • overlying serratus anterior muscle
149
Q

posterior wall of axilla

A
  • subscapularis
  • teres major
  • latissimus dorsi
  • scapula
150
Q

lateral wall of axilla

A
  • intertubercular groove of humerus
151
Q

base of axilla

A
  • skin of armpit
152
Q

apex of axilla

A
  • behind the middle third of clavicle
153
Q

cubital fossa

A
  • triangular space
  • bounded laterally by brachioradialis muscles
  • bounded medially by pronator teres
  • bounded superiorly by imaginary line joining medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus
  • content: median and radial nerevs & brachial artery
154
Q

how many tendons in carpal tunnel

A
  • 9 tendons
  • 4 tendons from flexor digitorum profundus tendons
  • 4 tendons from flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
  • 1 tendon from flexor pollicis longus tendon
  • innervation: ulnar nerve
155
Q

median nerves innervated where?

A
  • lateral 3 and a half figners
  • thenal muscles
  • 1st, 2nd lumbiricals
156
Q

compartments of lowe limbs

A
  • gluteal
  • thigh
  • leg
  • foor
157
Q

gluteal region

A
  • superficial: mainly extensor and abductors of hip region
  • deep: lateral rotator of hip joint
  • innervation: sacral plexus
158
Q

superficial group of gluteal region

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
  • tensor fascia lata
159
Q

gluteus maximus

A
  • arise: ilium, posterior to posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
  • insert: gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
  • function: extension of hip joint
  • innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
160
Q

gluteus medius

A
  • arise: external surface of ilium btw anterior and posterior gluteal lines
  • insert: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
  • function: abduction of hip joints
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
161
Q

gluteus minimus

A
  • arise: external surface of ilium btw anterior and inferior gluteal lines
  • insert: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
  • function: abduction of hip joint
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
162
Q

tensor fascia lata

A
  • arise: anterior part of iliac crest and ASIS
  • insert: iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral tibial condyle
  • function: flexion of hip joint
  • innervation: superior gluteal nerve
163
Q

deep group of gluteal region

A
  • piriformis
  • superior gemellus
  • obturator internus
  • inferior gemellus
  • quadratus femoris
164
Q

priformis

A
  • arise: anterior surface of 2nd to 4th sacral vertebrae
  • insert: superior border of greater trochanter of femur
  • function: lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: anterior rami of S1 and S2
165
Q

superior gemellus

A
  • arise: ischial spine
  • insert: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
  • function: lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: nerve to obturator internus
166
Q

obturator internus

A
  • arise: internal surface of obturator and membrane surrounding bones
  • insert: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
  • function: lateral rotation of hip joints
  • innervation: nerve to obturator internus
167
Q

inferior gemellus

A
  • arise: ischial tuberosity
  • insert: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
  • function: lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
168
Q

quadratus femoris

A
  • arise: ischial tuberosity
  • insert: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric chest of femur
  • function: lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
169
Q

muscles of thigh

A
  • anterior: extensors of the knee joint innervated by femoral nerve
  • medial: addcutors of the hip joint innervated by obturator nerve
  • posterior: hamstring–> flexors of the knee joint innervated by sciatic nerve
  • compartments made by femur and extension of deep fascia of thigh attaching to the femur
170
Q

anterior compartments of thigh

A
  • psoas major
  • iliacus
  • sartorius
  • quadriceps femoris
171
Q

psoas major

A
  • part of iliopsoas msucle with iliacus
  • arise: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae and intervening discs
  • insert: lesser trochanter of femur
  • function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: anterior rami of L1-L3
172
Q

iliacus

A
  • part of iliopsoas muscle with psoas major
  • arise: iliac fossa
  • insert: lesser trochanter of femur
  • function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
173
Q

sartorius

A
  • anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  • insert: upper medial durface of tibia
  • function: flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of hip joint & flexion of knee joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
174
Q

compartments of quadriceps femoris

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus intermedius
  • vastus medialis
175
Q

rectus femoris

A
  • arise: anterior inferior iliac spine & immediately above the acetabulum
  • insert: patella via quadriceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligament or tendon)
  • functin: extension of knee joint & flexion of hip joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
176
Q

vestus lateralis

A
  • arise: lateral part of intertrochanteric line, lateral lip of linea aspera
  • insert: patella via quadriceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligament ot tendon)
  • function: extension of knee joints
  • innervation: femoral nerve
177
Q

vastus intermedius

A
  • arise: upper part of anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft
  • insert: patellar via quadriceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligament or tendon)
  • function: extension of knee joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
178
Q

vastus medialis

A
  • arise: medial part of intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
  • insert: patella via quadraceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligaments or tendon)
  • function: extension of knee joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
179
Q

medial compartments of thigh

A
  • pectineus
  • gracilis
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor magnus
  • obturator externus
180
Q

pectineus

A
  • arise: superior pubic ramus
  • insert: proximal of posterior surface of femoral shaft
  • function: adduction and flexion of hip joint
  • innervation: femoral nerve
181
Q

gracilis

A
  • arise: body and inferior ramus of pubis
  • insert: upper medial surface of tibia
  • function: adduction of hip joint and flexioon of knee joint
  • innervation: obturator nerve
182
Q

addcutor longus

A
  • arise: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
  • insert: middle third of linea aspera of femur
  • function: adduction of hip joint
  • innervation: obturator nerve
183
Q

adductor brevis

A
  • arise: body and inferior ramus of pubis
  • insert: proximal third of linea aspera
  • function: adduction of hip joint
  • innervation: obturator nerve
184
Q

adductor magnus compartments

A
  • adductor part
  • hamstring part
185
Q

adductor part of adductor magnus

A
  • arise: ischiopubic ramus
  • insert: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
  • function: adduction of hip joint
  • innervation: obturator nerve
186
Q

hamstring part of adductor magnus

A
  • arise: ischial tuberosity
  • insert: adductor tubercle (opneing btw two insertions of the adductor magnus muscle)
  • function: extension of hip joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
187
Q

obturator externus

A
  • arise: external surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone
  • insert: trochanteric fossa
  • function: lateral rotation of hip joint
  • innervation: obturator nerve
188
Q

posterior compartment of thigh

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
189
Q

biceps femoris compartments

A
  • long head
  • short head
190
Q

long head of bicpes femoris

A
  • arise: ischial tuberosity
  • insert: head of fibula
  • function: flexion and lateral rotation of knee joint & extension of hip joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
191
Q

short head of biceps femoris

A
  • arise: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
  • insert: head of fibula
  • function: flexion and lateral rotation of knee & extension of knee hip joint
  • innervation: common fibular nerve
192
Q

semitendinosus

A
  • arise: ischial tuberosity
  • insert: upper medial surface of tibia
  • function: flexion and medial rotation of knee joint, extension of hip joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
193
Q

semimembranosus

A
  • arise: ischial tuberosity
  • insert: posterior surface of medial tibial condyle
  • function: flexion and medial rotation of knee joint, extension of hip joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
194
Q

compartments of muscles of the legs

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  1. superficial
  2. deep
  • lateral
195
Q

functions of anterior compartment of leg

A
  • dorsi flexors of ankle joint
  • extensors of toes
  • inverters of foot
  • innervated by deep fibular nerves
196
Q

muscles of anterior compartment of legs

A
  1. tibialis anterior
  2. extensor hallucis longus
  3. extnesor digitorum longus
  4. fibularis tertius
197
Q

tibialis anterior

A
  • arise: lateral tibial condyle, upper part of lateral surface of tibial shaft, interosseous membrane
  • insert: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
  • function: dorsi flexion of ankle and inversion of foot
  • innervation: deep fibular
198
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A
  • arise: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseus membrane
  • insert: base of distal phalanx of big toe
  • function: dorsi flexion of ankle joint, extension of the 1st metatarsophalangeal and intertarsophalangeal joints of big toe
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
199
Q

extensor digitorum longus

A
  • arise: lateral tibial condyle and upper part of anterior surface of interosseus membrane
  • insert: middle and distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5 via dorsal digital expansion (triangular expansion)
  • function: dorsi flexion of ankle, extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 5
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
200
Q

fibularis tertius

A
  • arise: lower part of lateral surface of fibula
  • insert: dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal bone
  • function: dorsiflexion of ankle joint and eversion of foot
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
201
Q

superficial group of posterior leg

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
202
Q

gastrocnemius

A
  1. medial head: arise –> superior to medial femoral condyle
  2. lateral head: arise –> lateral to lateral femoral condyle
  • insert: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
  • function: plantar flexion of ankle joint and knee joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
203
Q

posterior compartment of legs

A
  • superficial: plantar flexors of ankle
  • deep: flexor of toes
  • innervated by tibial nerve
204
Q

soleus

A
  • arise: head and upper part of posterior surface of fibular shaft and soleal line of tibia
  • insert: posterior surface of calaneus via calaneal tendon
  • function: plantar flexion and ankle joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
205
Q

plantaris

A
  • arise: lower part of lateral supracondylar line
  • insert: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
  • function: plantar flexion of ankle joint
  • innervation: tibial joint
206
Q

deep group of posterior compartment

A
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • tibialis posterior
  • popliteus
207
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A
  • arise: middle part of posterior surface of tibial shaft
  • insert: base of distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5
  • function: flexion of metatarsophlangeal, proximal and dsital interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 5
  • innervation: tibial nerve
208
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A
  • arise: lower part of posterior surface of fibular shaft and interosseus membrane
  • insert: base of distal phalanx of big toe
  • function: flexion of metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints of big toe
  • innervation: tibial nerve
209
Q

tibialis posterior

A
  • arise: middle part of posterior surface of tibial and fibular shafts, interosseus membrane
  • insert: mainly to navicular and medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal bones 2 to 4
  • function: inversion of foot and plantar flexion of ankle joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
210
Q

popliteus

A
  • arise: lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle
  • insert: upper part of posterior surface of tibial shaft
  • function: medial rotation of knee joint
  • innervation: tibial nerve
211
Q

function of lateral compartment of leg

A
  • everter of ankle
  • innervated by superficial fibular nerve
212
Q

lateral compartment of leg

A
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis brevis
213
Q

fibularis longus

A
  • arise: upper part of lateral surface of fibular shaft
  • insert: median cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
  • function: eversion of foot
  • innervation: superficial fibular nerve
214
Q

fibularis brevis

A
  • arise: lower part of lateral surface of fibular shaft
  • insert: tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
  • function: eversion of foot
  • innervation: superficial fibular nerve
215
Q

compartments of muscles of foot

A
  • dorsal aspect
  • sole of foot
  1. 1st layer
  2. 2nd layer
  3. 3rd layer
  4. 4th layer
216
Q

dorsal aspect of foot

A
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • extensor hallucis brevis
217
Q

extensor digitorum brevis

A
  • function: assists in extension od metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 4
  • innervation: deep fibular nerve
218
Q

extensor hallucis brevis

A
  • function: extension of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint
  • innervation:
219
Q

plantar compartments of the foot

A
  • from superficial to deep
  1. 1st layer
  2. 2nd layer
  3. 3rd layer
  4. 4th layer
220
Q

fist layer of plantar foot

A
  1. abductor hallucis
  2. flexor digitorum brevis
  3. abductor digitorum minimi
  • function: abduction of all toes and flexion of lateral four toes
221
Q

abductor hallucis

A
  • function: abduction of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint
  • innervation: medial plantar nerve
222
Q

flexor digitorum brevis

A
  • function: flexion of metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 5
  • innervation: medial plantar nerve
223
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A
  • function: abduction of 5th metatarsophalangeal joint
  • innervation: medial plantar nerve
224
Q

second layer of plantar foot

A
  1. lumbricals
  2. quadratus plantae
  • function: flex the lateral 4 toes
  • also two tendons in this layer
  1. flexor hallucis longus
  2. flexor giditorum longus
225
Q

lumbricals

A
  • numbered medial to lateral
  • function: flexion of metatarsophalangeal; extention of interphalangeal joints of 2 to 5
  • innervation: medial plantar nerve (1st lumbrical); lateral plantar nerve (2, 3, 4th lumbriacal)
226
Q

quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius)

A
  • function: assists in flexion of metatarsophlangeal and interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 5
  • innervation: lateral plantar nerve
227
Q

third layer of plantar foot

A
  1. flexor hallucis brevis
  2. adductor hallucis
  3. flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • function: flexion of 1st to 5th toes; adduct 1st toe
228
Q

flexor hallucis brevis

A
  • function: flexion of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint
  • innervation: medial plantar nerve
229
Q

adductor hallucis

A
  • function: adduction of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint
  • innervation: lateral plantar nerve
230
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis

A
  • function: flexion of the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint
  • innervation: lateral plantar nerve
231
Q

fourth layer of plantar foot

A
  1. dorsi interossei
  2. plantar interossei
  • function: adduc or abduct the toes
  • tendons of tibialis posterior and fibularis longus muscle contained here
  • adduction/abduction axis = second toe
232
Q

dorsi interossei

A
  • function: abduction of the metatarsohalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 4
  • innervation: lateral plantar
233
Q

plantar interossei

A
  • function: adduction of the metatarsophalangeal joints and exension of the interphalangeal joints of toes 3 to 5
  • innervation: lateral plantar
234
Q

plantar aponeurosis

A
  • muscle deep to the thickening of deep fascia of sole of foot
  • protect soft tissue of this region and assist in maintaining foot arch
235
Q

transitioning areas of the lower limb

A
  1. femoral triangle
  2. popliteal fossa
  3. tarsal tunnel
236
Q

femoral triangle

A
  • inguinal ligament (superiorly)
  • sartorius muscle (laterally)
  • adductor longus muscle (medially)
  • content: fmeoral vein, artery, nerve
  • apex of triangle points inferiorly and continuous with adductor canal
  • distal end of adductor canal opens to popliteal fossa via adductor hiatus
237
Q

tarsal tunnel

A
  • fibro-osseus tunnel
  • made by:
  1. medial malleolus and thickening of deep fascia
  2. flexor retinaculum
  3. medial of ankle
  • contains tendons of deep muscles of the posterior compartment of leg, tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery and vein
238
Q

popliteal fossa

A
  • diamond shaped area located behind the knee joint.
  • hamstring muscles (superiorly)
  • lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius muscle (inferiorly)
  • contains: popliteal artery, popliteal vein, common fibular nerves.

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