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caps 391 > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

mediastinum

A

middle chest

  • contains heart, its large vessels
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • thoracic aorta
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2
Q

mediastinum bounded anteriorly by?

A

sternum and costal cartilages

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3
Q

mediastinum bounded laterally by

A

lungs

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4
Q

mediastinum bounded posteriorly by?

A

bodies of thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

mediastinum divided into 2 parts

A
  1. superior
  2. inferior
  • separated by transverse imaginary plane passing through sternal angle anteriorly and intervertebral disc btw vertebrae TIV and TV posteriorly
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6
Q

inferior mediastinum divided into 3 parts

A
  • middle
  • anterior
  • posterior
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7
Q

anterior part of inferior mediastinum

A
  • located btw sternum and pericardium
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8
Q

middle part of inferior mediastinum

A
  • occupied by heart and surrounding membranes (pericadium)
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9
Q

posterior part of inferior mediastinum

A
  • btw pericardium and bodies of vertebrae TV to TXII
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10
Q

superior mediastinum contains:

A
  • arch of aorta and its branches
  • right and left brachiocephalic veins, inferior part of superior vena cava, and end of azygus vein
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11
Q

anterior mediastinum contains:

A
  • thymus gland
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12
Q

middle mediastinum contains:

A
  • heart and pericardium
  • ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins
  • right and left phrenic nerves
  • main bronchii
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13
Q

posterior mediastinum contains:

A
  • descending aorta, azygus, hemiazygous vein
  • right and left vagus nerve
  • sympathetic chains (trunk) and splanchnic nerve
  • thoracic duct and esophagus
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14
Q

heart

A
  • muscular conical pump located in the middle mediastinum
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15
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • right atrium receives dexoygentated blood, pass to right ventricle to lungs
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16
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • left atrium receives oxygenated blood, pass to left ventricle, to body
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17
Q

surface anatomy of heart: 4 corners

A
  1. upper left corner
  2. upper right corner
  3. lower right corner
  4. lower left corner
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18
Q

upper left corner

A
  • left 2nd intercostal space
  • 1 inch away from midline
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19
Q

upper right corner

A
  • right 3rd costal cartilage
  • 1 inch away from midline
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20
Q

lower right corner

A
  • right 6 th costal cartilage
  • 1 inch away from midline
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21
Q

lower left corner

A
  • left 5th intercostal space
  • 3-4 inches away from midline
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22
Q

external features of heart

A
  1. heart sulci
  2. heart surfaces
  3. heart borders
  4. heart base
  5. heart apex
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23
Q

heart sulci: 3 main sulci

A
  1. coronary sulcus
  2. anterior sulcus
  3. posterior sulcus
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24
Q

coronary sulcus

A
  • encircles heart
  • separate atria from ventircles
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25
Q

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A
  • located between ventircles on anterior and inferior surfaces
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26
Q

heart surfaces: 4 surfaces

A
  • anterior (sternocostal) surface
  • inferior (diaphragmatic) surface
  • left pulmonary surface
  • right pulmonary surface
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27
Q

anterior (sternocostal) surface

A
  • related to sternum and 2nd to 6th costal cartilages
  • consists of right ventricle and parts of right atrium and left ventricle
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28
Q

inferior (diaphragmatic) surface

A
  • leaning on diaphragm
  • posterior interventricular sulcus located here
  • consists of left ventricle and small part of right ventricle
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29
Q

left pulmonary surface

A
  • related to left lung
  • consists of left ventricle and portion of left atrium
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30
Q

right pulmonary surface

A
  • related to right lung
  • consists of right atrium
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31
Q

heart borders: 4 borders

A
  1. superior border
  2. right border
  3. left border
  4. inferior border
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32
Q

superior border

A
  • formed by right and left atria and auricles
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33
Q

right border

A
  • form by right atrium
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34
Q

left border

A
  • formed mainly by left ventricle
  • partly by left auricle
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35
Q

inferior border

A
  • separates anterior surface from inferior surface
  • mainly formed by right ventricle
  • small portion of left ventricle
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36
Q

heart base

A
  • faces posteriorly
  • mainly formed by left atrium
  • small portion of right atrium
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37
Q

heart apex

A
  • formed by left ventircle
  • directed anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left
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38
Q

heart chambers: 4 chambers

A
  1. right atrium
  2. right ventricle
  3. left atrium
  4. left ventricle
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39
Q

right atrium

A
  • receives venous blood from SVC, IVC, coronary sinus
  • pectinate muscle lines anterior and extends to right auricle
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40
Q

fossa ovalis in right atrium

A
  • impression in interatrial septum
  • remnant of embryonic foramen ovalis that used to connect right atrium and left atrium
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41
Q

connection btw left atrium and ventricle

A
  • right atrioventricular opening
  • guarded by tricuspid valve
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42
Q

right ventricle

A
  • walls of right ventricle thicker and carry trabeculae carneae (muscular ridges)
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43
Q

group of trabeculae carneae

A
  • papillary muscles
  • arise from walls of ventricle
  • insert to leaflets of tricuspid valve
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44
Q

chorda tendinae

A
  • attaches papillary muscles to tricuspid valve
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45
Q

pulmonary artery

A
  • arise from supeior part of right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve prevent blood flow back to ventricle
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46
Q

right ventricle and left ventricle separated by ?

A
  • interventricular septum
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47
Q

left atrium

A
  • receives oxygenated venous from right and left pulmonary veins
48
Q

where can we find the pectinate muscle of the left atrium?

A
  • left auricle
49
Q

left atrium connected to the left ventricle via?

A

left atroventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valve

50
Q

left ventricle

A
  • walls of left ventricle the thickest
  • trabeculae carnaea
  • papillary muscles (2 in mumber)
  • chorda tendinae
51
Q

where does aorta arise from?

A
  • superior part of the left ventricle
  • has aorta valve to prevent blood from going back to left ventricle
52
Q

pericardium

A
  • heart surrounded by pericardial sac
  • composed of outer fibrous layer (fibrous pericardium)
  • inner serous layer (serious pericardium)
53
Q

fibrous pericardium of pericardium

A
  • thick layer of dense connective tissue
  • surrounds heart
  • attaches to central tendon of diaphragm inferiorly
  • insert to greater vessels of heart superiorly
54
Q

serous pericardium

A
  • made of 2 layers of connective tissue specialized in secretion of serous fluid
  1. parietal layer: line inner surface of fibrous pericardium
  2. visceral layer (epicardium): attach to surface of heart
55
Q

pericardial cavity

A
  • narrow space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
  • filled with seroud fluid to lubricate heart surfaces to facilitate heart movements
56
Q

conducting systems

A
  1. Sinuatrial (SA) node
  2. Atriventricular (AV) node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
57
Q

Sinuatrial (SA) node

A
  • heart pacemaker
  • located on the right atrium wall close to SVC opening
58
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • located on the right side of interatrial septum
  • close to opening of coronary sinus
59
Q

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A
  • start from atrioventricular node
  • enter interventricular septum and divide into right and left branches
  • branches give rise to Purkinje fibers that distribute into right and left ventricular walls.
60
Q

pathway of impulse

A
  • electrical impulse start from SA node
  • goes through and contracts the atrial wall
  • reach AV node
  • pass through ventricular walls via atrioventricular bundle and purkinje fibres that lead to the ventricular contraction
61
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulate heart rate and its contraction force
62
Q

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

A
  • synapse in cervical & upper thoracic paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
  • continue as postganglionic sympathetic fibers to contribute in formation of cardiac plexus
63
Q

where does preganglionic sympathetic fibres arise?

A

lateral horns of T1 to T5 spinal cord segments

64
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic fibres

A
  • derived from vagus nerves
  • enter and contribute in cardiac plexus
  • decrease heart rate and contraction force
65
Q

visceral afferent component of cardiac plexus associated with what nerve ?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • sympathetic fibres
66
Q

fibres associated with vagus nerve detect what?

A
  • detect changes in blood pressure
  • chemical contents (O2, CO2)
  • cardiac reflexes
67
Q

sympathetic fibres return to where?

A
  • return to cervical / upper thoracic ganglia of sympathetic trunk
  • end in upper four or five thoracic segments of spinal cord
  • conduct pain sensation from heart
68
Q

arterial supply of heart

A
  • left and right coronary arteries
69
Q

right coronary artery

A
  • arises: right side of ascending aorta
  • runs in right side of coronary sulcus
  • supplies right atrium and ventricle
70
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A
  • terminal branch of right coronary artery
  • runs in posterior interventricular sulcus
  • contributes to blood supply of posterior aspect of both ventricles
71
Q

left coronary artery

A
  • arise: left side of ascending aorta
  • gives rise to anterior interventricular artery and circumflex arteries
72
Q

anterior interventricular artery

A
  • runs in anterior interventricular sulcus
  • contributes to blood supply of anterior aspect of both ventricles
73
Q

circumflex artery

A
  • follows coronary sulcus to the left side of heart
  • supplies the left ventricle and left atrium
74
Q

venous drainage of the heart

A
  • 3 major cardiac veins
  1. great cardiac vein
  2. middle cardiac vein
  3. small caridac vein
  • all 3 veins drain into coronary sinus
75
Q

greater cardiac vein

A
  • located in anterior interventricular sulcus
76
Q

middle cardiac vein

A
  • posterior interventricular sulcus
77
Q

small cardiac vein

A
  • follows right side of coronary sulcus
78
Q

coronary sinus

A
  • located in coronary sulcus om inferior surface of heart
  • draisn into right atrium
79
Q

major arteries arising from heart

A
  • pulmonary trunk
  • aorta
80
Q

pulmonary trunk

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • arise from right ventricle
  • divide into left and right pulmonary arteries under arch of aorta
81
Q

aorta

A
  • carry oxygenated blood to body
82
Q

ascending aorta

A
  • arise from left ventricle in mediastinum
  • then enter superior mediastinum and arch left to form arch of aorta
83
Q

descending aorta

A
  • descends on left side of vertebral column (thoracic aorta)
  • passes through diaphragm
  • enter abdominal cavity (abdominal aorta)
  • at LIV divide into right and left common iliac arteries
84
Q

branches of ascending aorta

A
  • left and right coronary arteries
85
Q

branches of arch of aorta

A
  • 3 branches arise from arch of aorta from right to left
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
86
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • 1st branch of arch of aorta on the right
  • divides into :
  1. right common carotid artery
  2. right subclavian artery
87
Q

left common carotid artery

A
  • second branch of arch of aorta
  • ascends on left side of neck
  • divides into external and internal carotid arteries at level of superior border of thyroids cartilage
  • supply head and neck regions
88
Q

left subclavian artery

A
  • third branch of arch of aorta (on the left)
  • passes under clavicle towards upper limb
  • continue as axillary artery after passing 1st rib
89
Q

arteries of head and neck

A
  • external carotid artery
  • internal carotid artery
  • subclavian artery
90
Q

external carotid artery

A
  • supply neck and head outside cranial cavity, 6 main branches
  1. superior thyroid artery
  2. lingual artery
  3. facial artery
  4. occipital artery
  5. superficial temporal artery
  6. maxillary artery
91
Q

superior thyroid

A
  • (external carotid branch)
  • supply thyroid gland and larynx
92
Q

lingual artery

A
  • (external carotid branch)
  • supply tongue
93
Q

facial artery

A
  • (external carotid artery)
  • supply face
94
Q

occipital artery

A
  • (external carotid artery)
  • supply part of scalp covering occipital bone
95
Q

superficial temporal artery

A
  • (external carotid artery)
  • terminal branch of external carotid artery
  • passing anterior to external ear
  • supply scalp on sides of cranium
96
Q

maxillary artery

A
  • (external carotid artery)
  • terminal branch of external carotid artery
  • supply deep part of face including nasal and orl cavities and pharynx
97
Q

internal carotid artery

A
  • no branches in neck
  • enters cranial cavity after passing through carotid canal to form cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) with veretebral artery
  • 3 main branches
  1. opthalmic artery
  2. middle cerebral artery
  3. anterior cerebral artery
98
Q

opthalmic

A
  • (internal carotid artery)
  • supply contents of orbital cavity
99
Q

middle cerebral artery

A
  • (internal carotid artery)
  • supply most of lateral surface of cerebral hemispheres
100
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A
  • (internal carotid artery)
  • supply major parts of medial surface of cerebral hemispheres (except occipital lobe)
101
Q

subclavian artery

A
  • (internal carotid artery)
  • 3 main branches
  1. vertebral artery
  2. internal thoracic artery
  3. thyrocervical trunk
102
Q

verterbral artery

A
  • (subclavian artery)
  • pass thru transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae (except CVII)
  • enter skull via foramen magnum
  • supply spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
103
Q

basilar artery

A
  • formed by left and right vertebral arteries joined together
  • supply pons and cerebellum
  • (subcalvian artery –> vertebral artery)
104
Q

posterior cerebral arteries

A
  • formed by basilar artery dividing
  • supply inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere
  • part of medial surface of occipital lobe
105
Q

internal thoracic artery

A
  • (subclavian artery branch)
  • descend behind costal cartilages on either sides of sternum
106
Q

anterior intercostal arteries

A
  • at level of each intercostal space
  • (subclavian –> internal thoracic artery)
  • will join posterior thoracic artery (thoraxix aorta)
  • supply of intercostal muscle, breast gland, muscles of anterior chest wall, parietal sternocostal pleura
107
Q

thyrocervical trunk

A
  • short artery
  • supplies structure of root of neck
  • larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, muscles
108
Q

arteries of upper limb

A
  1. axillary artery
  2. brachial artery
  3. radial artery
  4. ulnar artery
  5. superficial palmar arch/deep palmar arch
  6. digital arteries
109
Q

axillary artery

A
  • continuation of subclavian contained within axilla
  • extends btw lateral border of 1st rib and lower margin of teres major
  • 4 main branches
  1. thoracoacromial artery
  2. lateral thoracic artery
  3. subscapular artery
  4. anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
110
Q

thoracoacromial artery

A
  • supply anterior wall of axilla
111
Q

lateral thoracic artery

A
  • supply medial wall of axilla
112
Q

subscapular artery

A
  • contribute in blood supply of scapular region
113
Q

anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries

A
  • wind around surgical neck of humerus
  • assist in supplying deltoid muscle and shoulder joint
114
Q

brachial artery

A
  • continuation of axillary artery
  • extends from lower margin of teres major to cubital fossa
  • supply anterior compartment of arm
  • deep brachial artery supply posterior compartment
  • split into radial and ulnar
115
Q

radial artery

A
  • descends on lateral side of forearm
  • supplies muscles of lateral side of anterior and posterior forearm

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