MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
primary function of the muscle in general; makes it different from other tissues
A
CONTRACTION / SHORTENING
2
Q
Skeletal muscle is responsible walking, running, swimming, jumping
A
Locomotion and body movements
3
Q
Skeletal muscle functions so that we can maintain erect or seated despite the downward pull of gravity.
A
Body posture
4
Q
Structures that help stabilize joints
A
Tendons
5
Q
The metabolism that occurs in the large mass of muscle tissue of the body produces ________ as a by-product of muscle activity
A
Heat production
6
Q
Used to produce muscle contraction, energy escapes as heat.
A
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
7
Q
Skeletal muscles are involved in speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and facial expression
A
Communication
8
Q
Muscles of the thorax are responsible for
the movements necessary for __________
A
Respiration
9
Q
Cardiac muscle contractions cause the heart to _______, sending all blood to all parts of the body.
A
Beat
10
Q
This action helps move and mix food and water in the digestive tract, move secretions from organs and regulate blood flow through vessels
A
Constriction of Organs and vessels
11
Q
Contain less actin and myosin than skeletal muscle cells
A
Smooth Muscles
12
Q
Myofilaments are not organized into sarcomeres, non-striated
A
Smooth Muscles
13
Q
Contract more slowly than do skeletal muscles
A
Smooth Muscles
14
Q
Fluctuates from slow depolarization to repolarization phases
A
RMP (Resting membrane Potential)
15
Q
Periodically and spontaneously generate action potentials that cause the smooth muscles to contract
A
Autorhythmicity
16
Q
Contraction is influenced by __________ and happens slowly, hence, they do not develop an _________
A
hormones / oxygen deficit
17
Q
________ in smooth muscles allow action potentials to spread to all cells in a tissue
A
Gap junctions
18
Q
Long striated and branching
A
Cardiac Muscles
19
Q
The actin and myosin filaments are organized into sarcomeres, but the distribution of myofilaments are not as uniform as in skeletal muscle
A
Cardiac Muscles
20
Q
Cardiac muscles are also ___________, they contract at a level that can be sustained by aerobic respiration and consequently does not fatigue
A
Autorhythmic
21
Q
Cardiac muscles are connected by structures that include __________ (mechanical links that bind cells together) and gap junctions called __________ allowing them to function as a single unit
A
desmosomes / intercalated disks
22
Q
Contractions are influenced by hormones such as ___________
A
Epinephrine
23
Q
Both smooth and cardiac muscles contain
mostly ____________ per cell
A
one nucleus
24
Q
Is the bulk of the body’s muscle because it is attached to the skeleton
A
Skeletal muscle
25
Skeletal – ___
Smooth and cardiac muscle - ____
40% / 10%
26
Study of muscles
Myology
27
The ability to shorten forcibly or with force, when adequate stimulus is received
Contractility
28
The ability to respond to a stimulus through nerve cells (conscious control - skeletal muscles)
Excitability / Irritability
29
The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
Elasticity
30
The capacity to be stretched and after a contraction, they can be stretched to their normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree after a contraction
Extensibility
31
Each skeletal muscle is separated from adjacent muscles, held in portion and surrounded by layers of dense (fibrous) connective tissue called _______
FASCIA
32
Projects a cordlike structure at the end of its muscle fibers which attaches the muscle to bone called _______
TENDONS
33
Sheet of fibrous connective tissue or an expanded tendon, serving as the origin or insertion of the flat muscle.
APONEUROSIS
34
Network of fascia that surrounds and penetrates the muscles
Deep Fascia
35
Portion of fascia that lies beneath the skin
Subcutaneous Fascia
36
Fascia that forms the layer of serous membrane covering the visceral organ and lining the body cavities where these organs are located
Subserous Fascia
37
Each skeletal muscle is also surrounded by a tougher tissue that lies beneath the fascia
EPIMYSIUM
38
closely surrounds several fascicles and blends into tendons and aponeurosis
EPIMYSIUM
39
Layer of epimysium which extends inward separates each fasciculus
PERIMYSIUM
40
Layer perimysium which extends inward and separates each muscle fibers
ENDOMYSIUM
41
Outermost layer, encircling the whole muscle
Epimysium
42
Surrounds groups of 10-100 or more individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles/fasciculi
Perimysium
43
Perimysium surrounds groups of 10-100 or more individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called _________
fascicles/fasciculi
44
Separates individual muscle fibers from one another
Endomysium
45
Consists of bundles of muscle fibers
FASCICLE
46
Fairly large, long, cigar shaped cells ranging from 10-100 micrometer in diameter and up to 30cm in length, that are multinucleated
MUSCLE FIBERS
47
Composed of hundreds to thousands of cells called muscle fibers with elongated shapes
MUSCLE
48
With glycogen and myoglobin, cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
SARCOPLASM
49
Oxygen binding, iron containing protein present in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers, contributes to the red color of muscle
MYOGLOBIN
50
Releases oxygen when mitochondria need it for ATP production
Myoglobin
51
Tube-like invaginations or inward extensions on the surface of the sarcolemma
TRANSVERSE TUBULES OR T-TUBULES
52
Wrap around Sarcomeres where actin and myosin myofilaments overlap
TRANSVERSE TUBULES OR T-TUBULES
53
Contains high concentration of Ca ions which play an important role in stimulating muscle contraction
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
54
Cell membrane if muscle fibers
Role: Transmitting electrical impulses to the interior muscle fiber
SARCOLEMMA
55
Tubelike inward folds of the sarcolemma
Role: Carries electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber
TRANSVERSE TUBULES/ T TUBULES
56
Highly specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Role: Stimulates muscle contraction
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
57
Threadlike structure, extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber consisting mainly of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin and tropomyosin.)
MYOFIBRILS
58
_____ filaments - myosin
_____ filaments - actin, troponin and tropomyosin
Thick / Thin
59
Contractile elements of muscle fiber
MYOFIBRILS
60
Protein thread helping to form myofibrils in skeletal muscle
MYOFILAMENTS
61
Basic structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle as it is the smallest portion of the skeletal muscle capable of contractin
SARCOMERE
62
Structures that separate one sarcomere to the next and forms a network of protein fibers that forms a stationary anchor for actin myofilaments to attach
Z disks
63
2 light staining bands; extends from an end of the myosin myofilament to another end of myosin myofilament of another sarcomere, including a Z disk; only contains actin myofilaments
I band
64
1 dark staining band; extends the length of the myosin myofilament within the sarcomere;
A band
65
Lighter staining region in between the A band, contains only myosin myofilaments
H Zone
66
Fine protein filaments that anchor the myosin myofilaments in place
M Line
67
Composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS
68
Have attachment sites for the myosin myofilaments, resemble two strands of pearls twisted together
ACTIN STRANDS
69
Molecules attached at specific intervals which serve as “calcium binding sites” on the actin myofilament
TROPONIN
70
Filaments located along the groove between the twisted strands of actin myofilaments; moves exposing the actin strand attachment sites for the myosin myofilaments resulting to a contraction
TROPOMYOSIN
71
Resembling bundles of minute “golf clubs” on the thick filaments
MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS
72
Bind to the attachment sites on the actin myofilaments
MYOSIN HEADS or CROSS-BRIDGES
73
Attachment sites on the actin myofilaments
Bend / straighten during contraction
Break down ATP, releasing energy
MYOSIN HEADS
74
Extends from the brain and spinal cord to a group of skeletal muscle fibers
Somatic Motor Neurons
75
Structural point of contact and functional site of communication between motor neuron and muscle fiber
Neuromuscular Junction
76
Charge difference in an unstimulated cell
Resting Member Potential (RPM)
77
When the nerve impulse reaches the axonal terminals, (1) __________ is released and diffused across the (2) _________ then binds with the receptor sites on the sarcolemma
(1) acetylcholine; (2) synaptic cleft
78
The release of acetylcholine (Ach) into synaptic cleft results in temporary permeability of sarcolemma to ________
Na Ions
79
Diffusion of (1) _______ into the cells changes the electrical conditions of sarcolemma and generates an electrical current called (2) _______
(1) Na Ions; (2) action potential
80
From the sarcolemma, these action potentials travel into the (1) _______ and initiate physiologic activity within the muscle that results in (2) _________
(1) T-tubules; (2) muscle contraction
81
In the synaptic cleft, the Ach that was released is rapidly broken down by an enzyme _________ to ensure that one action potential will result in only one muscle contraction
Acetylcholinesterase
82
The (1) __________ are located near the center of muscle fibers. One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it innervates are called a (2) ________. The number of motor units determine the (3) _______ of muscle contractions.
(1) neuromuscular junctions; (2) motor unit; (3) strength
83
Explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement
Sliding Filament Theory
84
Pulling thin filaments toward the (1) _____ = sarcomere (2) _____ = length of thick and thin filaments (3) _______
(1) M line; (2) shortens; (3) do not change
85
skeletal muscle ______ during contraction because the thick and thin filaments slide past one another
shortens
86
When an action potential travels from the sarcolemma into the T-tubules, (1) _______ are released from the (2) _________
(1) calcium (Ca) ions; (2) sarcoplasmic reticulum
87
The release of Ca ions into the sarcoplasm causes a change in the configuration of _______
Troponin
88
With this, Ca ions bind to (1) ______ and the binding causes the (2) _______ to move into the actin groove and expose the attachment sites for (3) _______
(1) Troponin; (2) Tropomyosin; (3) myosin heads/cross bridges
89
Simultaneously, the ATP in the myosin heads is broken down to ______ so that the myosin is energized and interacts with actin
Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)
90
The “energized” myosin heads attach to the actin myofilaments and form the ________
cross bridges
91
After the cross bridge formation, the myosin heads bend and pull the (1) _____ toward the center of the (2) _____ and slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to (3) _____
(1) actin; (2) myosin; (3) shorten
92
During the sliding filament theory, the (1) _____ and ______ shorten or almost disappear BUT the (2) ______ does not change in length
H zones/I bands; A band
93
When new (1) ________ binds with the myosin, the cross bridges (2) ______, and the cycle is repeated
(1) ATP (adenosine triphosphate); (2) detach
94
As long as Ca ions remains attached to the ______ and as long as ATP remains available, the muscle continues to contract
troponin
95
When action potential ends, (1) ______ are reabsorbed, and the muscle cell relaxes until stimulated again by the release of (2) ______
(1) Ca ions; (2) acetylcholine
96
After contraction, the muscle cell return to its resting state as a result of the diffusion of (1) _____ out of the cell activation of (2) ______ (“active transport mechanism”) that moves Na and K back to their initial positions
(1) K ions; (2) Na-K pump
97
Mechanical component of Muscle contraction is called Cross-Bridge cycling
Cross-Bridge Movement
98
Abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction; damage to the brain, spinal cord or motor nerves
Spasticity
99
Neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone
Flaccid paralysis
100
The tension remains constant, but the length of the muscle changes (shortens) and movement occurs; SAME TENSION = LENGTH DECREASES
Isotonic contractions
101
The tension increases but the muscles do not shorten or contract, and no movement occurs
Isometric contractions
102
(1) ______ - shortening movement
(2) ______ - lengthening movement
(1) Concentric; (2) Eccentric
103
Increase muscle size, strength and endurance
Regular exercise
104
Exercises such as jogging, biking and participating in aerobic class result in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to muscle fatigue
Aerobic or endurance
105
Make overall body metabolism more efficient but it does not cause the muscles to increase much in size
Aerobic exercises
106
Require very little time and little or no special equipment; increased in muscle size and strength because it produced different patterns of muscle response
ex. weightlifting, pushing against the wall and other body building exercises
Resistance or isometric exercises
107
Regular, repeated activities: jogging or aerobic dancing increase ______
oxygen
108
Rely more on anaerobic production of ATP through glycolysis
Weightlifting
109
Stimulate synthesis of muscle CHON and result over a period of time an increased muscle size (muscle hypertrophy)
Anaerobic activities
110
Builds endurance for prolonged activities
Aerobic training
111
Builds strength for short term feats
Anaerobic training
112
Single nerve impulse in a motor neuron elicits ______ muscle action potential/s in all muscle fibers with which it forms synapses
single
113
Consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor Unit
114
A single motor neuron makes contact with an average of _____ muscle fibers and all muscle fibers in one motor unit contract in unison
150
115
Each skeletal muscle fiber has only a (1) _____ nerve muscular junction, the (2) _____ of a motor neuron branches out and forms neuromuscular junctions with many different muscle fibers
(1) single; (2) axon
116
Have high myoglobin (oxygen-binding) content, more mitochondria and blood capillaries
Red Muscle fibers
117
Has low content of myoglobin
White muscle fibers
118
States that when a muscle fiber receives sufficient stimulus to contract, ALL sarcomeres shorten at the same time. If there is insufficient stimulus, then NONE of the sarcomeres contract
All-or None Law of Muscle Physiology
119
A muscle’s response to a single stimulus
Muscle twitch
120
Condition when the muscle remains contracted between stimuli without relaxing
Tetanus or tetany
121
Refers to the continued state of partial contraction that is present in muscle.
Muscle tone
122
Important in maintaining posture, keeping the back and legs straight, the head erect and abdomen from protruding and also helps to stabilize the joints
Muscle tone
123
Sustains muscle tone and produces heat to maintain body temperature
Muscle contraction
124
After death, cellular membranes start to become leaky, calcium ions leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and allow myosin heads to bind to actin
ATP synthesis has ceased so cross bridges cannot detach from actin resulting to muscles in state of rigidity (cannot contract or stretch)
Rigor Mortis
125
Rigor Mortis begins (1) ______ after death and lasts 24 hours then disappears as (2) ________ from lysosomes digest the cross bridges
(1) 3-4 hours; (2) proteolytic enzymes
126
Also known as myokinase; transfers one phosphate from one adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to a second ADP, resulting in one adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and one adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenylate Kinase (AK)
127
Created by excess ATP during periods of rest; acts like a bank for high-energy phosphate
1. During exercise (onset), small cellular ATP reserve is quickly depleted
2. Is then broken down to directly synthesize ATP
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
128
Breakdown of single glucose molecule produces 18 times more ATP; also involves ability to break down lipids, amino acids into ATP;
Aerobic Respiration
129
Produces less ATP, hence, unable to maintain activity for more than a few minutes; the products of these pathway are lactic acid and a small amount of ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
130
Anaerobic Respiration also produces lactic acid alternate form known as _____, used during aerobic metabolism, broken down to make new glucose
lactate
131
Link aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of ATP production
Lactate bridges
132
When sufficient oxygen is available, the _____ converts lactic acid back to glycogen
liver
133
Low-intensity, long duration exercises
Aerobic
134
High-intensity, short duration exercises
Anaerobic
135
After periods of strenuous exercise or activity, there is accumulation of (1) ______ in the muscle. This causes temporary muscular pain and cramping or (2) _______ as well as (3) ______ – wherein the muscle is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated
(1) lactic acid; (2) muscle cramps; (3) muscle fatigue
136
The ATP and CP are depleted and need to be replenished. This creates an ”_________”
oxygen debt
137
Most muscles extend from one (1) _____ to another and cross at least one (2) _____
(1) bone; (2) joint
138
Some muscles like ________ are not attached to bone at both ends but still cause movements when they contract
facial muscles
139
Is the point of attachment that is immovable (stationary) or less immovable bone
Origin (head)
140
The ends of a muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
Insertion
141
The part between the origin and insertion
Belly
142
At the attachment points, the muscle is connected to the bone by a cord-like extension of connective tissue
Tendon
143
Some muscle is connected by a broad, sheetlike tendons
Aponeurosis
144
(1) _____ / extension
(2) _____ / adduction
(3) _____ / circumduction
(4) _____ / supination
(5) _____ / inversion
(6) _____ / plantar flexion
(1) flexion
(2) abduction
(3) rotation
(4) pronation
(5) inversion
(6) dorsiflexion
145
flexion / (1) _____
abduction / (2) _____
rotation / (3) _____
pronation / (4) _____
inversion / (5) _____
dorsiflexion / (6) _____
(1) extension
(2) adduction
(3) circumduction
(4) supination
(5) inversion
(6) plantar flexion
146
Rectus - (1) ______
Transverse - (2) ______
Oblique - (3) ______
Orbicularis - (4) ______
(1) Straight
(2) Across
(3) Diagonal or Slant
(4) Circular
147
(1) _____ - Straight
(2) _____ - Across
(3) _____ - Diagonal or Slant
(4) _____ - Circular
(1) Rectus
(2) Transverse
(3) Oblique
(4) Orbicularis
148
Vastus - (1) ______
Maximus - (2) _____
Longus - (3) _____
Minimus - (4) _____
Brevis - (5) _____
(1) Huge
(2) Large
(3) Long
(4) Small
(5) Short
149
(1) ______ - Huge
(2) ______ - Large
(3) ______ - Long
(4) ______ - Small
(5) ______ - Short
(1) Vastus
(2) Maximus
(3) Longus
(4) Minimus
(5) Brevis
150
Deltoid - (1) ______
Latissimus - (2) ______
Rhomboid - (3) ______
Teres - (4) ______
Trapezius - (5) ______
(1) Triangular
(2) Wide
(3) Rhombus
(4) Round
(5) Trapezoid
151
(1) ______ - Triangular
(2) ______ - Wide
(3) ______ - Rhombus
(4) ______ - Round
(5) ______ - Trapezoid
(1) Deltoid
(2) Latissimus
(3) Rhomboid
(4) Teres
(5) Trapezius
152
Pectoralis - (1) ______
Gluteus - (2) ______
Brachii - (3) ______
Femoris - (4) ______
Supra- - (5) ______
Infra- - (6) ______
Sub- - (7) ______
Lateralis - (8) ______
Medialis - (9) ______
(1) Chest
(2) Buttocks
(3) Arm
(4) Femur
(5) Above
(6) Below
(7) Under/Beneath
(8) Lateral/Sides
(9) Medial/Midline
153
(1) ______ - Chest
(2) ______ - Buttocks
(3) ______ - Arm
(4) ______ - Femur
(5) ______ - Above
(6) ______ - Below
(7) ______ - Under/Beneath
(8) ______ - Lateral/Sides
(9) ______ - Medial/Midline
(1) Pectoralis
(2) Gluteus
(3) Brachii
(4) Femoris
(5) Supra-
(6) Infra-
(7) Sub-
(8) Lateralis
(9) Medialis
154
Biceps - (1) ______
Triceps - (2) ______
Quadriceps - (3) ______
(1) Two Heads
(2) Three Heads
(3) Four heads
155
(1) ______ - Two Heads
(2) ______ - Three Heads
(3) ______ - Four heads
(1) Biceps
(2) Triceps
(3) Quadriceps
156
(1) Sternocleidomastoid – origin: _______, insertion: on _______
(2) Brachioradialis – origin: _______, insertion: on the ______
(1) sternum and clavicle; mastoid process
(2) brachial ulnar area; radius
157
(1) ______ - to move a structure towards the midline
(2) ______ - to bend or to bring two bones together
(3) ______ - to straighten or to increase the distance or angle of two bones
(4) ______ - to lift or elevate a structure
(1) Adductor
(2) Flexor
(3) Extensor
(4) Levator
158
Has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement
Prime Mover
159
Help the prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement
Synergists
160
Oppose or reverse a particular movement; can be “prime movers” in their own right
Antagonists
161
Stabilize the origin of prime mover; specialized synergists; hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved
Fixators
162
Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening; act as sphincters to close the opening
ex. orbicularis oris/oculi
Circular
163
Broadly distributed fascicles converge at a single tendon
ex. pectoralis major/minor
Convergent
164
Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle
ex. trapezius, rhomboideus, rectus abdominis
Parallel
165
Fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle
Pennate
166
Pattern of pennate where fascicles are on only one side of the tendon
ex. palmar interosseus, semimembranosus
Unipennate
167
Pattern of pennate where fascicles are on both sides of the tendon
ex. rectus femoris
Bipennate
168
Pattern of pennate where fascicles are arranged at many places around the central tendon; spread out at angles to many smaller tendons
ex. deltoid
Multipennate
169
Fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle; belly of muscle is larger in diameter than ends
ex. biceps brachii, triceps brachii
Fusiform
