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MIDTERMS - ANAPHY (1ST SEM) > MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1 > Flashcards

MUSCULAR SYSTEM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the muscle in general; makes it different from other tissues

A

CONTRACTION / SHORTENING

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle is responsible walking, running, swimming, jumping

A

Locomotion and body movements

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle functions so that we can maintain erect or seated despite the downward pull of gravity.

A

Body posture

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4
Q

Structures that help stabilize joints

A

Tendons

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5
Q

The metabolism that occurs in the large mass of muscle tissue of the body produces ________ as a by-product of muscle activity

A

Heat production

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6
Q

Used to produce muscle contraction, energy escapes as heat.

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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7
Q

Skeletal muscles are involved in speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and facial expression

A

Communication

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8
Q

Muscles of the thorax are responsible for
the movements necessary for __________

A

Respiration

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle contractions cause the heart to _______, sending all blood to all parts of the body.

A

Beat

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10
Q

This action helps move and mix food and water in the digestive tract, move secretions from organs and regulate blood flow through vessels

A

Constriction of Organs and vessels

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11
Q

Contain less actin and myosin than skeletal muscle cells

A

Smooth Muscles

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12
Q

Myofilaments are not organized into sarcomeres, non-striated

A

Smooth Muscles

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13
Q

Contract more slowly than do skeletal muscles

A

Smooth Muscles

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14
Q

Fluctuates from slow depolarization to repolarization phases

A

RMP (Resting membrane Potential)

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15
Q

Periodically and spontaneously generate action potentials that cause the smooth muscles to contract

A

Autorhythmicity

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16
Q

Contraction is influenced by __________ and happens slowly, hence, they do not develop an _________

A

hormones / oxygen deficit

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17
Q

________ in smooth muscles allow action potentials to spread to all cells in a tissue

A

Gap junctions

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18
Q

Long striated and branching

A

Cardiac Muscles

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19
Q

The actin and myosin filaments are organized into sarcomeres, but the distribution of myofilaments are not as uniform as in skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac Muscles

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20
Q

Cardiac muscles are also ___________, they contract at a level that can be sustained by aerobic respiration and consequently does not fatigue

A

Autorhythmic

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21
Q

Cardiac muscles are connected by structures that include __________ (mechanical links that bind cells together) and gap junctions called __________ allowing them to function as a single unit

A

desmosomes / intercalated disks

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22
Q

Contractions are influenced by hormones such as ___________

A

Epinephrine

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23
Q

Both smooth and cardiac muscles contain
mostly ____________ per cell

A

one nucleus

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24
Q

Is the bulk of the body’s muscle because it is attached to the skeleton

A

Skeletal muscle

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25
Q

Skeletal – ___
Smooth and cardiac muscle - ____

A

40% / 10%

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26
Q

Study of muscles

A

Myology

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27
Q

The ability to shorten forcibly or with force, when adequate stimulus is received

A

Contractility

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28
Q

The ability to respond to a stimulus through nerve cells (conscious control - skeletal muscles)

A

Excitability / Irritability

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29
Q

The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched

A

Elasticity

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30
Q

The capacity to be stretched and after a contraction, they can be stretched to their normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree after a contraction

A

Extensibility

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31
Q

Each skeletal muscle is separated from adjacent muscles, held in portion and surrounded by layers of dense (fibrous) connective tissue called _______

A

FASCIA

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32
Q

Projects a cordlike structure at the end of its muscle fibers which attaches the muscle to bone called _______

A

TENDONS

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33
Q

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue or an expanded tendon, serving as the origin or insertion of the flat muscle.

A

APONEUROSIS

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34
Q

Network of fascia that surrounds and penetrates the muscles

A

Deep Fascia

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35
Q

Portion of fascia that lies beneath the skin

A

Subcutaneous Fascia

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36
Q

Fascia that forms the layer of serous membrane covering the visceral organ and lining the body cavities where these organs are located

A

Subserous Fascia

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37
Q

Each skeletal muscle is also surrounded by a tougher tissue that lies beneath the fascia

A

EPIMYSIUM

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38
Q

closely surrounds several fascicles and blends into tendons and aponeurosis

A

EPIMYSIUM

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39
Q

Layer of epimysium which extends inward separates each fasciculus

A

PERIMYSIUM

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40
Q

Layer perimysium which extends inward and separates each muscle fibers

A

ENDOMYSIUM

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41
Q

Outermost layer, encircling the whole muscle

A

Epimysium

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42
Q

Surrounds groups of 10-100 or more individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles/fasciculi

A

Perimysium

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43
Q

Perimysium surrounds groups of 10-100 or more individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called _________

A

fascicles/fasciculi

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44
Q

Separates individual muscle fibers from one another

A

Endomysium

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45
Q

Consists of bundles of muscle fibers

A

FASCICLE

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46
Q

Fairly large, long, cigar shaped cells ranging from 10-100 micrometer in diameter and up to 30cm in length, that are multinucleated

A

MUSCLE FIBERS

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47
Q

Composed of hundreds to thousands of cells called muscle fibers with elongated shapes

A

MUSCLE

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48
Q

With glycogen and myoglobin, cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

SARCOPLASM

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49
Q

Oxygen binding, iron containing protein present in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers, contributes to the red color of muscle

A

MYOGLOBIN

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50
Q

Releases oxygen when mitochondria need it for ATP production

A

Myoglobin

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51
Q

Tube-like invaginations or inward extensions on the surface of the sarcolemma

A

TRANSVERSE TUBULES OR T-TUBULES

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52
Q

Wrap around Sarcomeres where actin and myosin myofilaments overlap

A

TRANSVERSE TUBULES OR T-TUBULES

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53
Q

Contains high concentration of Ca ions which play an important role in stimulating muscle contraction

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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54
Q

Cell membrane if muscle fibers
Role: Transmitting electrical impulses to the interior muscle fiber

A

SARCOLEMMA

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55
Q

Tubelike inward folds of the sarcolemma
Role: Carries electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber

A

TRANSVERSE TUBULES/ T TUBULES

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56
Q

Highly specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Role: Stimulates muscle contraction

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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57
Q

Threadlike structure, extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber consisting mainly of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin and tropomyosin.)

A

MYOFIBRILS

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58
Q

_____ filaments - myosin
_____ filaments - actin, troponin and tropomyosin

A

Thick / Thin

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59
Q

Contractile elements of muscle fiber

A

MYOFIBRILS

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60
Q

Protein thread helping to form myofibrils in skeletal muscle

A

MYOFILAMENTS

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61
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle as it is the smallest portion of the skeletal muscle capable of contractin

A

SARCOMERE

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62
Q

Structures that separate one sarcomere to the next and forms a network of protein fibers that forms a stationary anchor for actin myofilaments to attach

A

Z disks

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63
Q

2 light staining bands; extends from an end of the myosin myofilament to another end of myosin myofilament of another sarcomere, including a Z disk; only contains actin myofilaments

A

I band

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64
Q

1 dark staining band; extends the length of the myosin myofilament within the sarcomere;

A

A band

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65
Q

Lighter staining region in between the A band, contains only myosin myofilaments

A

H Zone

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66
Q

Fine protein filaments that anchor the myosin myofilaments in place

A

M Line

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67
Q

Composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin

A

ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS

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68
Q

Have attachment sites for the myosin myofilaments, resemble two strands of pearls twisted together

A

ACTIN STRANDS

69
Q

Molecules attached at specific intervals which serve as “calcium binding sites” on the actin myofilament

A

TROPONIN

70
Q

Filaments located along the groove between the twisted strands of actin myofilaments; moves exposing the actin strand attachment sites for the myosin myofilaments resulting to a contraction

A

TROPOMYOSIN

71
Q

Resembling bundles of minute “golf clubs” on the thick filaments

A

MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS

72
Q

Bind to the attachment sites on the actin myofilaments

A

MYOSIN HEADS or CROSS-BRIDGES

73
Q

Attachment sites on the actin myofilaments
Bend / straighten during contraction
Break down ATP, releasing energy

A

MYOSIN HEADS

74
Q

Extends from the brain and spinal cord to a group of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

75
Q

Structural point of contact and functional site of communication between motor neuron and muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

76
Q

Charge difference in an unstimulated cell

A

Resting Member Potential (RPM)

77
Q

When the nerve impulse reaches the axonal terminals, (1) __________ is released and diffused across the (2) _________ then binds with the receptor sites on the sarcolemma

A

(1) acetylcholine; (2) synaptic cleft

78
Q

The release of acetylcholine (Ach) into synaptic cleft results in temporary permeability of sarcolemma to ________

A

Na Ions

79
Q

Diffusion of (1) _______ into the cells changes the electrical conditions of sarcolemma and generates an electrical current called (2) _______

A

(1) Na Ions; (2) action potential

80
Q

From the sarcolemma, these action potentials travel into the (1) _______ and initiate physiologic activity within the muscle that results in (2) _________

A

(1) T-tubules; (2) muscle contraction

81
Q

In the synaptic cleft, the Ach that was released is rapidly broken down by an enzyme _________ to ensure that one action potential will result in only one muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholinesterase

82
Q

The (1) __________ are located near the center of muscle fibers. One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it innervates are called a (2) ________. The number of motor units determine the (3) _______ of muscle contractions.

A

(1) neuromuscular junctions; (2) motor unit; (3) strength

83
Q

Explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement

A

Sliding Filament Theory

84
Q

Pulling thin filaments toward the (1) _____ = sarcomere (2) _____ = length of thick and thin filaments (3) _______

A

(1) M line; (2) shortens; (3) do not change

85
Q

skeletal muscle ______ during contraction because the thick and thin filaments slide past one another

A

shortens

86
Q

When an action potential travels from the sarcolemma into the T-tubules, (1) _______ are released from the (2) _________

A

(1) calcium (Ca) ions; (2) sarcoplasmic reticulum

87
Q

The release of Ca ions into the sarcoplasm causes a change in the configuration of _______

A

Troponin

88
Q

With this, Ca ions bind to (1) ______ and the binding causes the (2) _______ to move into the actin groove and expose the attachment sites for (3) _______

A

(1) Troponin; (2) Tropomyosin; (3) myosin heads/cross bridges

89
Q

Simultaneously, the ATP in the myosin heads is broken down to ______ so that the myosin is energized and interacts with actin

A

Adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP)

90
Q

The “energized” myosin heads attach to the actin myofilaments and form the ________

A

cross bridges

91
Q

After the cross bridge formation, the myosin heads bend and pull the (1) _____ toward the center of the (2) _____ and slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to (3) _____

A

(1) actin; (2) myosin; (3) shorten

92
Q

During the sliding filament theory, the (1) _____ and ______ shorten or almost disappear BUT the (2) ______ does not change in length

A

H zones/I bands; A band

93
Q

When new (1) ________ binds with the myosin, the cross bridges (2) ______, and the cycle is repeated

A

(1) ATP (adenosine triphosphate); (2) detach

94
Q

As long as Ca ions remains attached to the ______ and as long as ATP remains available, the muscle continues to contract

A

troponin

95
Q

When action potential ends, (1) ______ are reabsorbed, and the muscle cell relaxes until stimulated again by the release of (2) ______

A

(1) Ca ions; (2) acetylcholine

96
Q

After contraction, the muscle cell return to its resting state as a result of the diffusion of (1) _____ out of the cell activation of (2) ______ (“active transport mechanism”) that moves Na and K back to their initial positions

A

(1) K ions; (2) Na-K pump

97
Q

Mechanical component of Muscle contraction is called Cross-Bridge cycling

A

Cross-Bridge Movement

98
Q

Abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction; damage to the brain, spinal cord or motor nerves

A

Spasticity

99
Q

Neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone

A

Flaccid paralysis

100
Q

The tension remains constant, but the length of the muscle changes (shortens) and movement occurs; SAME TENSION = LENGTH DECREASES

A

Isotonic contractions

101
Q

The tension increases but the muscles do not shorten or contract, and no movement occurs

A

Isometric contractions

102
Q

(1) ______ - shortening movement
(2) ______ - lengthening movement

A

(1) Concentric; (2) Eccentric

103
Q

Increase muscle size, strength and endurance

A

Regular exercise

104
Q

Exercises such as jogging, biking and participating in aerobic class result in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to muscle fatigue

A

Aerobic or endurance

105
Q

Make overall body metabolism more efficient but it does not cause the muscles to increase much in size

A

Aerobic exercises

106
Q

Require very little time and little or no special equipment; increased in muscle size and strength because it produced different patterns of muscle response

ex. weightlifting, pushing against the wall and other body building exercises

A

Resistance or isometric exercises

107
Q

Regular, repeated activities: jogging or aerobic dancing increase ______

A

oxygen

108
Q

Rely more on anaerobic production of ATP through glycolysis

A

Weightlifting

109
Q

Stimulate synthesis of muscle CHON and result over a period of time an increased muscle size (muscle hypertrophy)

A

Anaerobic activities

110
Q

Builds endurance for prolonged activities

A

Aerobic training

111
Q

Builds strength for short term feats

A

Anaerobic training

112
Q

Single nerve impulse in a motor neuron elicits ______ muscle action potential/s in all muscle fibers with which it forms synapses

A

single

113
Q

Consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor Unit

114
Q

A single motor neuron makes contact with an average of _____ muscle fibers and all muscle fibers in one motor unit contract in unison

A

150

115
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber has only a (1) _____ nerve muscular junction, the (2) _____ of a motor neuron branches out and forms neuromuscular junctions with many different muscle fibers

A

(1) single; (2) axon

116
Q

Have high myoglobin (oxygen-binding) content, more mitochondria and blood capillaries

A

Red Muscle fibers

117
Q

Has low content of myoglobin

A

White muscle fibers

118
Q

States that when a muscle fiber receives sufficient stimulus to contract, ALL sarcomeres shorten at the same time. If there is insufficient stimulus, then NONE of the sarcomeres contract

A

All-or None Law of Muscle Physiology

119
Q

A muscle’s response to a single stimulus

A

Muscle twitch

120
Q

Condition when the muscle remains contracted between stimuli without relaxing

A

Tetanus or tetany

121
Q

Refers to the continued state of partial contraction that is present in muscle.

A

Muscle tone

122
Q

Important in maintaining posture, keeping the back and legs straight, the head erect and abdomen from protruding and also helps to stabilize the joints

A

Muscle tone

123
Q

Sustains muscle tone and produces heat to maintain body temperature

A

Muscle contraction

124
Q

After death, cellular membranes start to become leaky, calcium ions leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and allow myosin heads to bind to actin

ATP synthesis has ceased so cross bridges cannot detach from actin resulting to muscles in state of rigidity (cannot contract or stretch)

A

Rigor Mortis

125
Q

Rigor Mortis begins (1) ______ after death and lasts 24 hours then disappears as (2) ________ from lysosomes digest the cross bridges

A

(1) 3-4 hours; (2) proteolytic enzymes

126
Q

Also known as myokinase; transfers one phosphate from one adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to a second ADP, resulting in one adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and one adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

Adenylate Kinase (AK)

127
Q

Created by excess ATP during periods of rest; acts like a bank for high-energy phosphate

  1. During exercise (onset), small cellular ATP reserve is quickly depleted
  2. Is then broken down to directly synthesize ATP
A

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

128
Q

Breakdown of single glucose molecule produces 18 times more ATP; also involves ability to break down lipids, amino acids into ATP;

A

Aerobic Respiration

129
Q

Produces less ATP, hence, unable to maintain activity for more than a few minutes; the products of these pathway are lactic acid and a small amount of ATP

A

Anaerobic Respiration

130
Q

Anaerobic Respiration also produces lactic acid alternate form known as _____, used during aerobic metabolism, broken down to make new glucose

A

lactate

131
Q

Link aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of ATP production

A

Lactate bridges

132
Q

When sufficient oxygen is available, the _____ converts lactic acid back to glycogen

A

liver

133
Q

Low-intensity, long duration exercises

A

Aerobic

134
Q

High-intensity, short duration exercises

A

Anaerobic

135
Q

After periods of strenuous exercise or activity, there is accumulation of (1) ______ in the muscle. This causes temporary muscular pain and cramping or (2) _______ as well as (3) ______ – wherein the muscle is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated

A

(1) lactic acid; (2) muscle cramps; (3) muscle fatigue

136
Q

The ATP and CP are depleted and need to be replenished. This creates an ”_________”

A

oxygen debt

137
Q

Most muscles extend from one (1) _____ to another and cross at least one (2) _____

A

(1) bone; (2) joint

138
Q

Some muscles like ________ are not attached to bone at both ends but still cause movements when they contract

A

facial muscles

139
Q

Is the point of attachment that is immovable (stationary) or less immovable bone

A

Origin (head)

140
Q

The ends of a muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement

A

Insertion

141
Q

The part between the origin and insertion

A

Belly

142
Q

At the attachment points, the muscle is connected to the bone by a cord-like extension of connective tissue

A

Tendon

143
Q

Some muscle is connected by a broad, sheetlike tendons

A

Aponeurosis

144
Q

(1) _____ / extension
(2) _____ / adduction
(3) _____ / circumduction
(4) _____ / supination
(5) _____ / inversion
(6) _____ / plantar flexion

A

(1) flexion
(2) abduction
(3) rotation
(4) pronation
(5) inversion
(6) dorsiflexion

145
Q

flexion / (1) _____
abduction / (2) _____
rotation / (3) _____
pronation / (4) _____
inversion / (5) _____
dorsiflexion / (6) _____

A

(1) extension
(2) adduction
(3) circumduction
(4) supination
(5) inversion
(6) plantar flexion

146
Q

Rectus - (1) ______
Transverse - (2) ______
Oblique - (3) ______
Orbicularis - (4) ______

A

(1) Straight
(2) Across
(3) Diagonal or Slant
(4) Circular

147
Q

(1) _____ - Straight
(2) _____ - Across
(3) _____ - Diagonal or Slant
(4) _____ - Circular

A

(1) Rectus
(2) Transverse
(3) Oblique
(4) Orbicularis

148
Q

Vastus - (1) ______
Maximus - (2) _____
Longus - (3) _____
Minimus - (4) _____
Brevis - (5) _____

A

(1) Huge
(2) Large
(3) Long
(4) Small
(5) Short

149
Q

(1) ______ - Huge
(2) ______ - Large
(3) ______ - Long
(4) ______ - Small
(5) ______ - Short

A

(1) Vastus
(2) Maximus
(3) Longus
(4) Minimus
(5) Brevis

150
Q

Deltoid - (1) ______
Latissimus - (2) ______
Rhomboid - (3) ______
Teres - (4) ______
Trapezius - (5) ______

A

(1) Triangular
(2) Wide
(3) Rhombus
(4) Round
(5) Trapezoid

151
Q

(1) ______ - Triangular
(2) ______ - Wide
(3) ______ - Rhombus
(4) ______ - Round
(5) ______ - Trapezoid

A

(1) Deltoid
(2) Latissimus
(3) Rhomboid
(4) Teres
(5) Trapezius

152
Q

Pectoralis - (1) ______
Gluteus - (2) ______
Brachii - (3) ______
Femoris - (4) ______
Supra- - (5) ______
Infra- - (6) ______
Sub- - (7) ______
Lateralis - (8) ______
Medialis - (9) ______

A

(1) Chest
(2) Buttocks
(3) Arm
(4) Femur
(5) Above
(6) Below
(7) Under/Beneath
(8) Lateral/Sides
(9) Medial/Midline

153
Q

(1) ______ - Chest
(2) ______ - Buttocks
(3) ______ - Arm
(4) ______ - Femur
(5) ______ - Above
(6) ______ - Below
(7) ______ - Under/Beneath
(8) ______ - Lateral/Sides
(9) ______ - Medial/Midline

A

(1) Pectoralis
(2) Gluteus
(3) Brachii
(4) Femoris
(5) Supra-
(6) Infra-
(7) Sub-
(8) Lateralis
(9) Medialis

154
Q

Biceps - (1) ______
Triceps - (2) ______
Quadriceps - (3) ______

A

(1) Two Heads
(2) Three Heads
(3) Four heads

155
Q

(1) ______ - Two Heads
(2) ______ - Three Heads
(3) ______ - Four heads

A

(1) Biceps
(2) Triceps
(3) Quadriceps

156
Q

(1) Sternocleidomastoid – origin: _______, insertion: on _______

(2) Brachioradialis – origin: _______, insertion: on the ______

A

(1) sternum and clavicle; mastoid process
(2) brachial ulnar area; radius

157
Q

(1) ______ - to move a structure towards the midline
(2) ______ - to bend or to bring two bones together
(3) ______ - to straighten or to increase the distance or angle of two bones
(4) ______ - to lift or elevate a structure

A

(1) Adductor
(2) Flexor
(3) Extensor
(4) Levator

158
Q

Has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement

A

Prime Mover

159
Q

Help the prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement

A

Synergists

160
Q

Oppose or reverse a particular movement; can be “prime movers” in their own right

A

Antagonists

161
Q

Stabilize the origin of prime mover; specialized synergists; hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved

A

Fixators

162
Q

Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening; act as sphincters to close the opening

ex. orbicularis oris/oculi

A

Circular

163
Q

Broadly distributed fascicles converge at a single tendon

ex. pectoralis major/minor

A

Convergent

164
Q

Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle

ex. trapezius, rhomboideus, rectus abdominis

A

Parallel

165
Q

Fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle

A

Pennate

166
Q

Pattern of pennate where fascicles are on only one side of the tendon

ex. palmar interosseus, semimembranosus

A

Unipennate

167
Q

Pattern of pennate where fascicles are on both sides of the tendon

ex. rectus femoris

A

Bipennate

168
Q

Pattern of pennate where fascicles are arranged at many places around the central tendon; spread out at angles to many smaller tendons

ex. deltoid

A

Multipennate

169
Q

Fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle; belly of muscle is larger in diameter than ends

ex. biceps brachii, triceps brachii

A

Fusiform

MIDTERMS - ANAPHY (1ST SEM) (2 decks)

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