Muscoskeletal EXAM

Question 1

Osteoporosis

Answer 1

• Acquired
• Reduced bone mass, increase fragility and fractures
• Bone has normal mineral content
• Primary- aging
• Secondary- known specific reason, ex too much of a hormone

Question 2

Osteoporosis-menopause

Answer 2

Decrease in estrogen leads to excessive bone remodeling and accelerated bone loss due to imbalance in clast and blast

Increase in osteoclast

Question 3

Osteoporosis- Aging

Answer 3

• Decrease of osteoprogenitor cells
• Decresed Ostoblast activity
• Decreased physical activity

Question 4

Osteoporosis- nutrition

Answer 4

Decrease in calcium and vitamin D

Question 5

Osteoporosis- Endocrine

Answer 5

Hyperparathyroidism

Addison disease

Question 6

Rickets-Osteomalacia

Answer 6

• Acquired
• Soft bones
• Result of VITAMIN D deficiency
  
  • also inadequeate phosphorous and calcium
• Inadequeate mineralization of bone
• Rickets- children apiphyseal plates open
• Osteomalacia- adults plates closed

Question 7

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 7

• Role- Increase plasma Calcium concentration
  
  • Draws from kidney and bone
  • Stimulates osteoclasts
• Stimulates kidney to activate Vitamin D
• Inhibited by
  
  • plasma calcium concentration
  • Active Vitamin D

Question 8

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 8

• Acquired
• Too much PTH
• Primary
  
  • excess secretion
• Secondary
  
  • Inc of PTH from chronic disease that cause hypocalcemia (renal failure)

Question 9

Scurvy

Answer 9

• Acquired
• Too little vit C
• Leads to impaired osteoid matrix formation
• Manifestations
  
  • osteoporosis
  • bleeding gums
  • Subperiosteal hemmorhage

Question 10

Bisphosphanate-associated Osteonecrosis

Answer 10

• Bisphosphanates aim to neutralize osteoclasts
• Effect bones with high remodeling rates (JAW)
• BON develops after surgery, extraction

Question 11

Osteosarcoma

Answer 11

• Malignant bone tumor, bone forming
• Primary osteosarcoma
  
  • Metaphysis of distal femur
  • 10-20 years
  • Sun burst pattern on radiograph
• Secondary
  
  • femur, humerus pelvis
• Jaw osteosarcome develops a decade after long bones
• Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase
• Codman triangle