Musco Flashcards
Describe how individual bones are classified.
Long
short
flat
irregular
what is the long bone comprised of
epiphysis - end of bone
diaphysis - shaft
metaphysis - growth plate fuses
describe the biomechanical aspects (what pressure can be placed ) of a long bone
compresion tension shear torsion compression and tension (bend)
describe the gross anatomical features of skeletal muscle.
- Belly: also called the head. Enveloped in a connective tissue sheath.
- Tendon: dense regular fibrous connective tissue
- Origin: proximal attachment
- Insertion: Distal attachment
classify skeletal muscle based on the orientation of its fibres
Pennate (feathering):
Unipennate: (e.g flexor digitorum profundus) Bipennate: (e.g infraspinatus)
Multipennate: (e.g subscapularis)
Strap: (e.g omotransversarius)
- Fusiform: (e.g biceps brachii)
- Circular: (e.g orbicularis oris)
- Sphincter: (e.g anus)
what is Concentric contraction:
Muscle shortens, bones become closer together
what is Eccentric contraction
Muscle elongates under tension
what is Isometric contraction
Both sides contracting with no change in length
Agonist or prime mover muscle what does it do
Making movement
what is Antagonist muscle
muscle that allows action to happen
Synergists muscle does what ?
Muscles that work together (e.g bicep and triceps)
Fibrous connective tissue
- name the types of fibres and the primary cell
(proper)- fibroblasts are the primary cell type
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- loose superficial
- specialised connective tissue
What is made from dense regular tissue
tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses (tendon sheets)
What is made from dense irregular tissue
deep fascia, joint capsules, tendon sheaths, dermis
what is made from loose superficial tissue
superficial fascia, around blood vessels, within organs to provide structure
what is specialised connective tissue
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Adipose
what is the mechanical role of connective tissue
resist stresses/ forces upon body (compression, tension, torsion, shear, bending)
what is the structural role of connective tissue
Originate from the mesenchymal cells of the embryo which are derived from mesoderm
• Composed of cells, ECM, and ground substance
what is ground substance and whats its purpose
- Binds ECM components and cells together
- Medium for nutrient and waste diffusion
- Composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, glycoproteins, water.
what is elastin and whats its purpose
- Protein with elastic properties which allow stretch and recoil to original position -Elastic fibres have cross links
- Found in arteries, lungs, elastic cartilage, some ligaments/ tendons, dermis of skin
what is collagen and whats its purpose
- Arranged in fibres composed of smaller subunits called fibrils
- Fibrils are composed of collagen molecules which are a triple helix of alpha chains
what does tendons and ligaments contain that give it the ability to resist tension
collagen
what is the primary cell type of cartilage
Chondrocyte
what are the types of cartilage and their purpose
hyaline
- joint surfaces to reduce friction
- fetal bones and trachea
articular
- within joints
- avascular allowing it to pass nutrients and blood through synovial fluid
fibrocartilage
- intervertebral discs
elastic
- ears