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VAP II > basic concepts > Flashcards

basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

describe the properties of animals that are of physiological and function importance

A

structurally dynamic (constantly changing)
Organised system (need energy)
time + body size ( metabolism small animals cost more to run)
organisation ( it will persist through time)

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2
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

internal consistency

  • temp
  • pH
  • blood glucose ect
  • allows proteins to work over time
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3
Q

what are the three types of homeostasis

A 
Acute = sweating 
chronic = reposes to environment eg foetus has high o2 affinity
evolutionary = bird migration
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4
Q

what happens when an axial increase in size

A

gestation increase

metallic rate increases

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5
Q

what determines the rate of diffusion

A

high to low conc

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6
Q

what are the types of diffusion

A

simple diffusion

  • across gradient
  • electrical = voltage gated ion channels
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7
Q

what forces impact diffusion

A
  • How easily it moves
  • Cross sectional area
  • Distance
  • Conc gradient
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8
Q

how does osmotic pressure create a driving force

A
  • Binding molecules of an Aq solution depends on the number of entities per unit volume
  • Which means the force caused by a solution passing through a semi permeable membrane via osmosis
  • This creates a driving force when the concentration goes from high to low
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9
Q

why is osmosis important

A

passive transport of water
- through aquaporin
- but can diffuse slowly through lips bilayer
-uptake of water through fishes gills ( water in pond (high conc) moves to epithelium
in gills (low conc) thus allowing the up take of O2)

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10
Q

what is Isosmotic pressure

A

same osmotic pressure (mammal and birds do not have the same)

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11
Q

what is Hyposmotic pressure

A

lower osmotic pressure

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12
Q

what is Hyperosmotic pressure

A

higher osmotic pressure

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13
Q

what is the mOsm of NaCl

A

500 + 500 = 1000 mOsm

it dissociates

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14
Q

Describe the basic composition of cell (plasma) membranes

A

Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• External proteins in bilayer = Glycoproteins, Glycolipid, Carbohydrate chain
• Creates a layer protecting it from environment
• Internal proteins = integral protein, peripheral protein

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15
Q

why are enzymes important

A

Lower the activation energy

1: specifically for binding substrates
2: modifies covalent bond (c=o goes to c-h-oh)

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16
Q

what are hyperbolic kinetics

A

where the reaction velocity increase with enzyme binding, but reaches Vmax when all are used/ binded

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17
Q

what are sigmoidal kinetics

A

saturation occurs for the same reason but MM equation is used to explain as the molecule has two binding sites

18
Q

what does low km Mean

A

high affinity for the substrate

thus high km = low affinity

19
Q

how is cells function regulation

A

Rate liming steps
• Allosteric modulation = up or down regulation by binding to a receptor to change that receptors
response to stimulus
• Covalent modulation = changes covalent bind and needs another enzyme to do so (eg protien
kinase or phosphatase + or - P to enzymes, these can impact multiple enzymes and have amplifying effects)

20
Q

what is carrier mediated transport

A

enzyme transport

• Passive = with the concertation gradient = facilitated diffusion

21
Q

what is active primary and secondary transport

A

Active = away from electrochemical equilibrium
• Primary = ATP to transport (hydrolysis)
• Secondary = electrochemical gradient (Na+ and K proton pumps)

22
Q

what is signal reception

A

mechanism to detect the signal

23
Q

what is Signal transduction

A

Signal transduction: mechanism by which intracellular activities are modified in response to
extracellular signals

24
Q

what does signal reception work

A

Ligand- gated channels = cause confirmation change to protein thus altering the electrical chemical change across the protein ( these can be blocked eg. Cone snail poison blocks these receptors to kill. Prey)

then g proteins were the ligand binds to activate enzyme

25
Q

what occurs during amplification

A

Receptor interacts with G protein, which binds GTP to become active
Cyclic AMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase
These kinase units activate a target protein (glycogen phosphorylase kinase) by phosphorylation
the targets a protein
the glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen to glucose

26
Q

what steps does a do to zygote undergo division

A

Mitotic division from zygote to blastula
• Blastula become blastomere (4c)
• Is then compacted to form a morula (16-32c)

27
Q

explain the trophectoderm

A

Outer blastomeres, form the epithelial layer
• Hypoblast = early egg yolk sac (embryonic endoderm)
• Epiblast (embryo blast) = overlap the trophectoderm cells creating a bilayer
• In domestic animals there’s an embryonic disk
• Implantation = trophoblast where the sperm meets the egg

28
Q

what is the primitive streak

A
  • Epiblast surface
  • Cells get turned on by proteins
  • Creates a pair of ridges with a gap in the middle
29
Q

what are the three primary germ layers of gastrulation

A

Ectoderm
– Skin, Nasal and Oral Cavity epithelium, nervous system and sense organs Mesoderm
– Muscle, connective tissue (including bone), circulatory, urinary and reproductive
systems Endoderm
– Mucosal epithelium (lining of the digestive system), glands of the respiratory and digestive system

30
Q

what is the primary cell of stratum corneum

A

keratinocytes = corneocytes: no nucleus

31
Q

what is the primary cell of stratum granulosum

A

keratinocyte = keratohyalin granules: contain the protein fillagrin

32
Q

what is the primary cell of the stratum spinousm

A

> keratinocytes contain network keratin = strength

> keratinocytes are attached to each other by desmosomes

33
Q

what cells are in then stratum basale

A

Melanocyte cell - colour
Langerhans cell - immune
Merkel cell - nerve

34
Q

what cells are in the dermis

A

fibroblasts

mast cells

35
Q

what fibres are in the dermis

A

collagen

elastin

36
Q

whats ground substance made of

A

> fills gaps between fibres, provides springiness of skin

> made of hyaluronic acid/ chondroitin sulphate

37
Q

how does the ground substance attach to the dermis

A

The dermo-epidermal junction
• Adhesion of collagen and molecules at the basal layer
• Keratinocytes = hemidesmosomes (anchor points through cell
membrane hold basal layer to dermis)

38
Q

what is the purpose of reticular dermis

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue (80% of dermal thickness)
  • Provide strength
39
Q

what are papillae

A

• Finger like ridges
• Within this are blood vessels which supply nutrients and waste to the
epithelium where it can be diffused through the cell membrane
• Also holds nerves - sensory receptors penetrate through to the
epidermis
• Arrector pili muscle can be excited thus causing hairs to stand

40
Q

what makes up reptile scale

A

Thick stratum corneum = scales

VAP II (3 decks)

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