Muscles & Systems Unit Test Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and Contrast: Agonist vs. Antagonist

A

The agonist is the muscle primarily responsible for movement. The antagonist is the muscle that counteracts the agonist, lengthening when the agonist muscle contracts. They are both stabilizers and cause movement. Eg. bicep curl - the biceps contract while the triceps relax.

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2
Q

Compare and Contrast: Insertion vs. Origin

A

The insertion is the attachment site that moves when the muscle contracts. The origin is the attachment site that doesn’t move when the muscle contracts. They both aid in contraction and are connected by tendons (attached to bone). Eg. When the biceps contract, you pull your forearm toward your shoulder, pulling towards the origin. The insertion is at the end of the radius, called the radial tuberosity, that moves during contraction.

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3
Q

Compare and Contrast: Fast Twitch vs. Slow Twitch

A

Slow twitch muscle fibres are red or dark in colour and generate and relax tension slowly. They are able to maintain a lower level of tension for long durations. Eg. long-distance running, cycling, swimming. Fast twitch muscle fibres are more pale in colour and generate and relax tension quickly. They are able to generate tension with low endurance levels and can activate 2-3 times faster than slow twitch making them ideal for fast, powerful muscle contractions. Eg. short sprints, powerlifting. Both fuel muscle contractions.

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4
Q

Compare and Contrast: Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

A

The anaerobic energy system occurs without the requirement of oxygen. It can occur in 2 metabolic pathways, 1 not involving the breakdown of glucose and the other involving the partial breakdown of glucose. The aerobic energy system occurs with the requirement of oxygen. it involves many enzymes and several complex sub-pathways, leading to the complete breakdown of glucose. Both produce ATP.

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5
Q

Compare and Contrast:
Lactic vs. Alactic

A

Lactic - lactic acid is a byproduct.

Alactic - lactic acid is not a byproduct.

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6
Q

Compare and Contrast: Acetyl CoA vs. Lactic Acid

A

Acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvic acid when oxygen is present. Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid when oxygen is not present.

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7
Q

Compare and Contrast: ADP vs. ATP

A

ATP - has 3 phosphate groups.

ADP - has 2 phosphate groups.

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8
Q

Compare and Contrast: CNS vs. PNS

A

The CNS includes only the brain and spinal cord. Responsibilities include receiving, processing and responding to sensory information. The PNS consists of cranial and spinal nerves responsible for sending information from different body areas back to the brain and carrying out commands from the brain to various parts of the body.

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9
Q

Compare and Contrast: Afferent vs. Efferent

A

Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors found throughout the body towards the CNS. Efferent neurons carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body to initiate an action. Both are connected to the CNS and carry the nerve impulses.

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9
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It is responsible for creating the action that pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They are involuntary muscles (controlled by the autonomic nervous system).

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10
Q

What is Smooth Muscle?

A

Smooth muscle surrounds the body’s internal organs, including the blood vessels, hair follicles, and the urinary, genital, and digestive tracts. They contract more slowly than the skeletal muscles but can remain contracted for longer periods. They are involuntary.

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11
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle?

A

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and other connective tissues. They are the most prevalent muscle type in the human body (30-40% of human weight) and are voluntary. The muscle tissue is referred to as striated, or stripped, because of alternating light and dark stripes.

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12
Q

What is The Musculoskeletal System?

A

Supports the body, keeps it upright, allows movement, and protects vital organs. Serves as a storage system for calcium, phosphorus, and components of blood. Made of bones, skeletal muscles, and connective tissue that binds them together.

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13
Q

What is LADSNOR?

A

L - location of muscle
A - action of muscle
D - direction of fibres
S - shape of muscle
N - number of divisions/heads
O - origin and insertion
R - relative size

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14
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcolemma

A

A plasma membrane that lies beneath the endomysium.

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15
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcoplasm

A

The muscle cell’s cytoplasm which is contained within the sarcolemma.

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16
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcomeres

A

The units of skeletal muscle that contain the cellular proteins myosin and actin.

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16
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of channels in each muscle fibre that transports the electrochemical substances involved in muscle activation.

17
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Perimysium

A

A sheath of connective tissue (within the epimysium) that binds groups of muscle fibre (fascicles) together.

18
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Epimysium

A

A larger and stronger sheath that envelops the entire muscle.

19
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Endomysium

A

A sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre.

20
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Muscle Fibre

A

A cylindrical multinucleate cell composed of many myofibrils that contract when stimulated.

21
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Myofibril

A

Thread-like structures that run along the length of the muscle fibre. Contains actin and myosin filaments.

22
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Myosin

A

A cellular protein that consists of a “head” and “tail”. The myosin head will have an attachment site for actin, and actin will have a binding site for the myosin head.

23
Q

Anatomy of the Muscle: Actin

A

A cellular protein that consists of 2 other proteins - troponin which has a binding site for calcium, and tropomyosin, which is the stringy-looking cord-like structure that covers the binding site on actin. Together these 2 proteins behave like a swivel-locking mechanism - they will not allow the myosin head to attach until calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

24
Q

What is Concentric Contraction?

A

Shortening

25
Q

What is Eccentric Contraction?

A

Lengthening

26
Q

What is Isometric Contraction?

A

No movement

27
Q

The Reflex Arc: Receptor

A

Receives the initial stimulus (eg. loud noise, prick to the skin).

28
Q

The Reflex Arc: Sensory (afferent) Nerve

A

Carries the impulse to the spinal column or brain

29
Q

The Reflex Arc: Intermediate Nerve Fibre (Interneuron)

A

Interprets the signal and issues response.

30
Q

The Reflex Arc: Motor (efferent) Nerve

A

Carries the response message from the spinal cord to the muscle or organ.

31
Q

The Reflex Arc: Effector Organ

A

Carries out the response (eg. moving away from danger)

32
Q

What is the function of several different muscles?

A
  • Provides support for the skeleton and organs.
  • Allows movement of joints and body.
  • Involved in breathing, eating, and beating of the heart.
  • Production of heat.
33
Q

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

A

The sliding filament theory describes the process used by muscles to contract. According to this theory, muscle contraction occurs through the relative sliding or overlapping of actin and myosin filaments which causes the sarcomere (thus the whole muscle fibre) to contract (shorten). At very high levels of magnification, it is possible to detect small bridges on thick filaments that extend to thin filaments called myosin cross-bridges that attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession. This causes the filaments to overlap each other. The “trigger mechanism” is the release of calcium ions when the nerve impulse is transmitted through the muscle fibre. The release of calcium in the presence of the proteins troponin and tropomyosin facilitates the interaction of actin and myosin molecules. Muscle relaxation caused by the re-uptake of calcium ions requires ATP which is used to detach the myosin from the actin molecule.

34
Q

Muscle Fibres: Type I or Slow -Oxidative

A
  • Generate energy slowly
  • Fatigue Resistant
  • Primarily depend on aerobic processes
35
Q

Muscle Fibres: Type IIA or Fast-Oxidative Glycolytic

A
  • Intermediate-type muscle fibres
  • Allows for high-speed energy release
  • Allow for glycolytic capacity
36
Q

Muscle Fibres: Type IIB or Fast-Glycolytic

A
  • Store glycogen and high levels of enzymes
  • Allows for quick contraction without the need for oxygen
37
Q

What are The 3 Key Energy Nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats.

38
Q

Three Energy Pathways: ATP-PC (anaerobic alactic)

A
  • Location: Cytoplasm
  • Energy source: Creatine
    Phosphate
  • Uses oxygen: No
  • ATP produced: 1
  • Duration: 10-15 seconds
  • # of chemical reactions: 1-2
  • By-products: None
  • Formula: PC + ADP = ATP +
    creatine
  • Types of activities: Power
    surges, speed events
  • Types of exercise that rely
    on this system: Sprints,
    jumping, weightlifting
  • Advantages: Very quick
    surge of power
  • Limitation: Short duration;
    muscles store small
    amounts of ATP and
    creatine phosphate
39
Q

Three Energy Pathways: Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic)

A
  • Location: Cytoplasm
  • Energy Source: Glucose
    (glycogen)
  • Uses Oxygen: No
  • ATP Produced: 2
  • Duration: 15 secs to 3 mins
  • # of chemical reactions: 11
  • By-Products: Lactic acid and
    pyruvate ‘1
  • Formula: C6H12O6 + 2ADP
    +2Pi → 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP +
    2H2O
  • Types of Activities:
    Intermediate
    activities/sprint finish
  • Types of Exercise: 200-700
    meter sprints; a shift in
    hockey
  • Advantages: Quick surge of
    power
  • Limitation: Buildup of lactic
    acid causes pain and
    fatigue
40
Q

Three Energy Systems: Cellular Respiration (aerobic)

A
  • Location: Mitochondria
  • Energy Source: Glycogen,
    protein, fats
  • Uses Oxygen: Yes
  • ATP produced: 36
  • Duration: 120 seconds and
    beyond
  • # of chemical reactions:Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and
    the Electron Transport
    Chain
  • By-products: Water and
    Carbon Dioxide
  • Formula: C6H12O 6 + 6O2
    = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
  • Types of Activities:
    Prolonged activities
  • Types of exercise:
    Marathons
  • Advantages: Long duration;
    complete breakdown of
    glucose
  • Limitation: Slow; requires
    large amount of oxygen
41
Q

Why are East African runners so dominant in long-distance running?

A
  • Genetics: they have a
    higher capacity to take in
    and use oxygen.
  • Cultural Factors: Their
    childhood may have
    involved
    more running and walking.
    Eg. going to school, and
    collecting food and water.
  • Role Models: Due to early
    success in the 1960s for
    both Ethiopian and Kenyan
    runners, young people
    started to look up to these
    athletes.
  • Diet: Eating much healthier
    (not as much
    “fattening/greasy” food).
  • Low Resting Heart Rate:
    Allows them to run much
    faster and more efficiently
    then others.
42
Q

How can we train each of the different energy systems, and what happens when we train them?

A
  • DURATION (ATP-PC - do
    sprints, glycolysis - lift
    weights, cellular respiration,
    run a marathon)
  • Training for Strength:
    The goal is to increase the
    explosive capacity of
    muscles. The training aims
    to increase the power the
    athlete will require for
    competition. Short
    powerful training exercises
    (a few seconds) will
    increase creatine
    phosphate stores in
    muscle. Intense exercise
    (up to 90 sec) will increase
    glycogen stores and the
    ability to convert glucose
    quickly, delaying the onset
    of lactic acid production
    and impeding performance.
  • Training for Endurance
    Aimed at developing
    muscles that do not fatigue
    quickly. Training to increase
    oxygen processing capacity
    of lungs and blood.
    Aerobic training leads to:
  • Increased number of
    mitochondria in muscle
    cells
  • Increased amounts of
    oxygen store myoglobin
    molecules
  • Enhanced ability of muscle
    enzymes to utilize oxygen
    in the complete breakdown
    of glucose
    Achieved through exercise
    that raised heart rate well
    above normal for long
    period.