Muscles & Systems Unit Test Flashcards
Compare and Contrast: Agonist vs. Antagonist
The agonist is the muscle primarily responsible for movement. The antagonist is the muscle that counteracts the agonist, lengthening when the agonist muscle contracts. They are both stabilizers and cause movement. Eg. bicep curl - the biceps contract while the triceps relax.
Compare and Contrast: Insertion vs. Origin
The insertion is the attachment site that moves when the muscle contracts. The origin is the attachment site that doesn’t move when the muscle contracts. They both aid in contraction and are connected by tendons (attached to bone). Eg. When the biceps contract, you pull your forearm toward your shoulder, pulling towards the origin. The insertion is at the end of the radius, called the radial tuberosity, that moves during contraction.
Compare and Contrast: Fast Twitch vs. Slow Twitch
Slow twitch muscle fibres are red or dark in colour and generate and relax tension slowly. They are able to maintain a lower level of tension for long durations. Eg. long-distance running, cycling, swimming. Fast twitch muscle fibres are more pale in colour and generate and relax tension quickly. They are able to generate tension with low endurance levels and can activate 2-3 times faster than slow twitch making them ideal for fast, powerful muscle contractions. Eg. short sprints, powerlifting. Both fuel muscle contractions.
Compare and Contrast: Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
The anaerobic energy system occurs without the requirement of oxygen. It can occur in 2 metabolic pathways, 1 not involving the breakdown of glucose and the other involving the partial breakdown of glucose. The aerobic energy system occurs with the requirement of oxygen. it involves many enzymes and several complex sub-pathways, leading to the complete breakdown of glucose. Both produce ATP.
Compare and Contrast:
Lactic vs. Alactic
Lactic - lactic acid is a byproduct.
Alactic - lactic acid is not a byproduct.
Compare and Contrast: Acetyl CoA vs. Lactic Acid
Acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvic acid when oxygen is present. Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid when oxygen is not present.
Compare and Contrast: ADP vs. ATP
ATP - has 3 phosphate groups.
ADP - has 2 phosphate groups.
Compare and Contrast: CNS vs. PNS
The CNS includes only the brain and spinal cord. Responsibilities include receiving, processing and responding to sensory information. The PNS consists of cranial and spinal nerves responsible for sending information from different body areas back to the brain and carrying out commands from the brain to various parts of the body.
Compare and Contrast: Afferent vs. Efferent
Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors found throughout the body towards the CNS. Efferent neurons carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body to initiate an action. Both are connected to the CNS and carry the nerve impulses.
What is Cardiac Muscle?
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It is responsible for creating the action that pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They are involuntary muscles (controlled by the autonomic nervous system).
What is Smooth Muscle?
Smooth muscle surrounds the body’s internal organs, including the blood vessels, hair follicles, and the urinary, genital, and digestive tracts. They contract more slowly than the skeletal muscles but can remain contracted for longer periods. They are involuntary.
What is Skeletal Muscle?
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and other connective tissues. They are the most prevalent muscle type in the human body (30-40% of human weight) and are voluntary. The muscle tissue is referred to as striated, or stripped, because of alternating light and dark stripes.
What is The Musculoskeletal System?
Supports the body, keeps it upright, allows movement, and protects vital organs. Serves as a storage system for calcium, phosphorus, and components of blood. Made of bones, skeletal muscles, and connective tissue that binds them together.
What is LADSNOR?
L - location of muscle
A - action of muscle
D - direction of fibres
S - shape of muscle
N - number of divisions/heads
O - origin and insertion
R - relative size
Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcolemma
A plasma membrane that lies beneath the endomysium.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcoplasm
The muscle cell’s cytoplasm which is contained within the sarcolemma.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcomeres
The units of skeletal muscle that contain the cellular proteins myosin and actin.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
A network of channels in each muscle fibre that transports the electrochemical substances involved in muscle activation.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Perimysium
A sheath of connective tissue (within the epimysium) that binds groups of muscle fibre (fascicles) together.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Epimysium
A larger and stronger sheath that envelops the entire muscle.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Endomysium
A sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Muscle Fibre
A cylindrical multinucleate cell composed of many myofibrils that contract when stimulated.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Myofibril
Thread-like structures that run along the length of the muscle fibre. Contains actin and myosin filaments.
Anatomy of the Muscle: Myosin
A cellular protein that consists of a “head” and “tail”. The myosin head will have an attachment site for actin, and actin will have a binding site for the myosin head.
