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Advanced Anatomy + Physiology > Muscles of the Upper Extremities > Flashcards

Muscles of the Upper Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

How many muscles keep the scapula attached to the skeleton of the thorax?

A

six, grouped into an anterior and posterior group

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2
Q

Why does the scapula need to be stabilized?

A

Does not directly attach to the skeleton

must be steady by muscle action to be the origin of the muscles that move the humerous

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3
Q

True or false: the muscles of scapular stabilization move the scapula to decrease ROM of the humerous to avoid injury

A

False: the muscles of scapular stabilization move the scapula to increase the ROM of the humerous

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4
Q

How is the scapula stabilized?

A

muscles steady the scapula by producing forces that pull it in opposite directions (antagonize each other)

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5
Q

What muscles are in the anterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula?

A

subclavius
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior

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6
Q

What muscles are in the posterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula?

A

trapezius
levator scapulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor

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7
Q

What are the movements of the scapula?

A
  • elevation: shrugging shoulders
  • depression:pulling down
  • abduction:moving laterally + anteriorly (punching)
  • adduction: moving medially + posteriorly (pulling down)
  • upward rotation: inferior angle moves laterally (raising arms)
  • downward rotation: inferior angle moves medially (lowering raised arms)
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8
Q

Describe the subclavius

A
  • a small, cylindrical muscle under the clavicle

- part of the anterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula

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9
Q

Where is the origin/insertion of the subclavius?

A

Origin: the first rib
Insertion: the clavicle (acromial end)

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10
Q

What is the action(s) of the subclavius?

A
  • depresses + moves the clavicle anteriorly

- steadies the clavicle

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11
Q

Describe the pectoralis minor

A
  • part of the anterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula
  • deep to the pectoralis major
  • auxillary muscles for inspiration
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12
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor originate?

A

may vary:

  • 2-5th rib
  • 3-5th rib
  • or the 2-4th rib
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13
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor insert?

A

coracoid process of the scapula

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14
Q

What are the action(s) of the pectoralis minor?

A

abduction + downward rotation of the scapula

RMA: elevates the ribs

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15
Q

Describe the serratus anterior

A
  • part of the anterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula
  • fan shaped, extended between the ribs + the scapula
  • antagonist to the rhomboids
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16
Q

Where does the serratus anterior originate?

A

1-8 or 1-9 ribs

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17
Q

Where does the serratus anterior insert?

A

medial border + inferior angle of the scapula

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18
Q

What are the actions of the serratus anterior?

A
  • abduction + upward rotation of the scapula

- RMA: elevates the rubs when the scapula is fixed

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19
Q

Describe the trapezius mucles

A
  • part of the posterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula
  • flat, wide triangular muscle that forms a diamond shape resembling a trapezoid
  • extends from the skull + vertebral column medially to the pectoral girdle laterally
  • most superficial of back muscles
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20
Q

Where does the trapezius muscle originate?

A

superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T12

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21
Q

Where does the trapezius muscle insert?

A

spine of scapula, acromion, clavicle

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22
Q

What are the directions of the muscle fibers of the trapezius muscle?

A

superior, inferior, lateral

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23
Q

What are the actions of the superior fibers of the trapezius muscle?

A

upward rotation of the scapula

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24
Q

What are the actions of the lateral fibers of the trapezius muscle?

A

adduction of the scapula (pulling shoulders back)

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25
Q

What are the actions of the inferior fibers of the trapezius muscle?

A

depression

downward rotation of the scapula

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26
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius muscle?

A 
upward rotation
adduction
depression
downward rotation
extension of the head
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27
Q

How does the trapezius muscle stabilize the scapula?

A

the superior and inferior fibers acting together

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28
Q

Describe the Levator scapulae

A
  • part of the posterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula
  • deep to the SCM and trapezius
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29
Q

Where does the levator scapulae originate?

A

transverse processes C1-C4

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30
Q

Where does the levator scapulae insert?

A

super angle and upper vertebral border of the scapula

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31
Q

Which muscle is superior, the rhomboid major or rhomboid minor?

A

the rhomboid minor is superior

the rhomboid major is inferior

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32
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor originate?

A

spinous processes of C7 to T1

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33
Q

Where does the rhomboid major originate?

A

spinous processes of T2 to T5

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34
Q

Are the rhomboid muscles one muscle or two?

A

considered one muscle but there is a clear anatomical separation

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35
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor insert?

A

same place as rhomboid major: medial border of the scapula

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36
Q

Where does the rhomboid major insert?

A

same place as the rhomboid minor: medial border of the scapula

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37
Q

What are the actions of the rhomboid muscles?

A
  • elevation of the scapula
  • adduction of the scapula
  • retraction of the scapula
  • stabilizes the scapula in conjunction with the serratus anterior
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38
Q

Describe the rhomboid muscles

A
  • part of the posterior group of muscles that stabilize the scapula
  • antagonist to the serratus anterior
  • two muscles considered one
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39
Q

Describe the pectoralis major

A
  • forms the anterior fold of the thorax

- fan-shaped, large, thick muscle

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40
Q

Where does the pectoralis major originate?

A

clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages 2-6

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41
Q

Where does the pectoralis major insert?

A

lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus

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42
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis major?

A

hugging: flexion, medial rotation, adduction

RMA: elevates the ribs in forced inspirawtion when the humerous is fixed

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43
Q

Describe the latissimus dorsi

A
  • widest muscle of the back

- forms most of the posterior fold of the axilla

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44
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

A

intertubercular sulcus of the humerous

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45
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?

A
  • spinous processes of T7 TO L5
  • sacral crest
  • iliac crest
  • ribs 9-12
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46
Q

What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • pulling something out of your back pocket: extension, adduction, medial rotation
  • RMA:elevates the vertebral column + torso (pull ups)
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47
Q

Describe the deltoid muscle

A
  • forms the round contour of the shoulder
  • originates from three different points
  • three fascicles act differently on the humerous
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48
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle insert?

A

deltoid tuberosity of the humerous

49
Q

Where do the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle originate? What is their action?

A

originate: acromial extremity of the clavicle
action: flexion + medial rotation

50
Q

Where do the lateral fibers of the deltoid muscle originate? What is their action?

A

originate: acromion
action: abduction

51
Q

Where do the posterior fibers of the deltoid muscle originate? What are their actions?

A

originate: spine of scapula
action: extension + lateral rotation

52
Q

What is the alternative name of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

musculotendinous cuff

53
Q

What muscles are included in the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

54
Q

What is the point of the rotator cuff?What does it do?

A
  • to pull the head of the humerous into the glenoid fossa
  • their tendons fuse to form a complete circle around the joint
  • strengthen + stabilize the joint
55
Q

Which muscles of the rotator cuff rotate the humerous?

A

infraspinatus, teres minior, subscapularis

56
Q

What muscle of the rotator cuff does not rotate the humerous?

A

supraspinatus

57
Q

true or false: the rotator cuff muscles are rarely injured

A

false: rotator cuff is commonly injured

58
Q

Which muscle of the rotator cuff is most injured? Why?

A

supraspinatus because its tendon is compressed during abduction

59
Q

What is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction, particularly in athetes?

A

inpingement syndrome

60
Q

What causes inpingement syndrome?

A

repetitive movement of the arm over the head continuously pinches the tendon of the supraspinatus with the acromion, the tendon become inflamed and painful

61
Q

What happens to the tendon of the supraspinatus with inpingement syndrome?

A

becomes inflamed and painful

injured tendon may degenerate near the attachment to the humerous, may tear away from bone causing rotator cuff injury

62
Q

What sports are the athletes most commonly at risk for inpingement syndrome?

A
  • baseball
  • racquet sports
  • volleyball
  • swimming
  • weight lifting
63
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis originate?

A

coracoid process

64
Q

Where does the coracobrachiallis insert?

A

middle medial surface of humerous

65
Q

What are the actions of the coracobrachiallis?

A

flexion and adduction of the arm

66
Q

How are the muscles that move the forearm divided

?

A

into flexors, extensors, pronators and supinators

67
Q

What muscles are the flexors of the muscles of the arm that move the forearm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • brachioradialis
68
Q

What muscles are the extensors of the muscles of the arm that move the forearm?

A
  • triceps brachiaa

- anconeous

69
Q

What muscles are the supinators of the muscles of the arm that move the forearm?

A
  • biceps brachii

- supinator

70
Q

What muscles are the pronators of the muscles of the arm that move the forearm?

A

pronator teres

pronator quadratus

71
Q

Describe the biceps brachii

A
  • palpable superficial muscle in the anterior of the arm
  • acts on both the shoulder and elbow joints
  • consists of a long head and a short head
72
Q

Where does the long head of the biceps brachii originate?

A

supraglenoid tubercle

73
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps brachii originate?

A

coracoid process of the scapula

74
Q

Where does the biceps brachii insert?

A

radial tuberosity

75
Q

What are the actions of the biceps brachii

A

flexion of the arm and forearm

supination of the forearm

76
Q

Describe the brachialis

A
  • deep the the biceps brachii

- most powerful flexor at the elbow joint

77
Q

Which muscle is the most powerful flexor at the elbow joint?

A

brachialis

78
Q

where does the brachialis originate?

A

anterior surface of the humerous

79
Q

where does the brachialis insert?

A

ulnar tuberosity

80
Q

what are the actions of the brachialis?

A

flexion of the forearm

81
Q

Where does the brachioradialis originate?

A

lateral distal end of the humerous

82
Q

Where does the brachioradialis insert?

A

styloid process of the radius

83
Q

What are the actions of the brachioradialis?

A

flexion of the forearm

brings supination and pronation to neutral position

84
Q

Describe the triceps brachii

A
  • superficial
  • most powerful extensor at the elbow
  • acts on both thee shoulder and elbow joints
  • consists of three heads
85
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

long head
medial head
lateral head

86
Q

Where does the long head of the triceps brachii originate?

A

infraglenoid tubercle

87
Q

Where does the medial head of the triceps brachii originate?

A

posterior surface of the humerous

88
Q

Where does the lateral head of the triceps brachii originate?

A

posterior surface of the humerous

89
Q

Where does the triceps brachii insert?

A

the three heads join to insert in the olecranon

90
Q

What are the actions of the triceps brachii?

A

extension. it is an extensor muscle at the shoulder and elbow joints

91
Q

Describe the anconeus muscle

A

a small postero-lateral muscle

92
Q

Where does the anconeus originate?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerous

93
Q

Where does the anconeus muscle insert?

A

olecranon of the ulna

94
Q

What are the actions of the anconeus?

A

extension of the forearm

95
Q

Where does the pronator teres originate?

A
  • medial epicondyle of the humerous

- coranoid process of the ulna

96
Q

Where does the pronator teres insert?

A

mid-lateral surface of the radius

97
Q

What are the actions of the pronator teres?

A

pronation of the forearm

98
Q

Describe the pronator quadratus

A

deep muscle extended across the distal ends of the radius and ulna

99
Q

Where does the pronator quadratus originate?

A

distal end of ulna

100
Q

Where does the pronator quadraus insert?

A

distal end of radius

101
Q

What are the actions of the pronator quadratus?

A

pronation of the forearm

102
Q

Where does the supinator muscle originate?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerous

103
Q

Where does the supinator muscle insert?

A

lateral proximal surface of the radius

104
Q

What are the actions of the supinator muscle?

A

supinator of the forearm

105
Q

What is a compartment?

A

used to encase muscles that will support each other increasing strength

106
Q

What are the flexor muscles of the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and fingers?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
  • palmaris longus (absent in 10%)
  • flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
  • flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
107
Q

Where do the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and fingers originate?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerous

108
Q

Where do the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and fingers insert?

A

carpal, metacarpal, and phlangeal bones

109
Q

What are the actions of the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and fingers?

A

flexion of the hand + fingers

110
Q

What are the extensor muscles of the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and digits?

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
111
Q

Where do the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and digits originate?

A

posterior surface of the radius, ulna, interosseus membrane

112
Q

Where do the superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and digits insert?

A

thumb + index finger

113
Q

What are the actions of superficial compartment of muscles that move the hand and digits?

A

aduct and extend the thumb

extend the index

114
Q

What is the extensor retinaculum?

A
  • located over the dorsal surface of the carpal bones
  • the thin and long tendons of the extensor muscles pass deep to it
  • less prominent than the flexor retinaculum
115
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A
  • located over the palmar surface of the carpal bones

- the long and thin tendons of the flexor muscles together with the median nerve pass deep to it along the carpal tunnel

116
Q

Describe the intrinsic muscles of the hand

A
  • produce weak but very complex and precise movements of the fingers
  • origin and insertion located in the hand
  • divided into thenar, hypothenar and midpalmar compartments
117
Q

Describe the thenar eminence. What does it include?

A

-moves the thumb
-includes:
abductor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis

118
Q

Describe the hypothenar eminence. What does it include?

A

-move the pinkie
-includes:
adductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi

119
Q

Describe the midpalmar eminence. What does it include?

A

lumbricals
palmar interossei
dorsal interossei

Advanced Anatomy + Physiology (3 decks)

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