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Larynx > Muscles of the Larynx > Flashcards

Muscles of the Larynx Flashcards

1
Q 
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx:
Adductors:
1.
2. 
3.
A
  1. LCA (lateral Cricoarytenoid
  2. Transverse Arytenoid
  3. Oblique Arytenoid
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2
Q 
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Functions:
1. 
2. 
3 .
4.
A
  1. Adductors
  2. Abductors
  3. Tensors
  4. Relaxers
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3
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx:
Abductors:
1.

A
  1. PCA (Posterior Cricoarytenoid)
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4
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx:
Tensors:
1.
2.

A
  1. Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid)

2. Cricothyroid

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5
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx:
Relaxers:
1.

A
  1. Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)
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6
Q 
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA):
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course:
Function:
A

Group: Intrinsic Adductors
Origin: superior and lateral surface of cricoid
Insertion: muscular process of arytenoid
Course: superior and posterior
Function: Adduct vocal folds rotates arytenoids

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7
Q 
Transverse Arytenoid: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A

Group: Intrinsic Adductors
Origin: lateral margin of posterior surface of one arytenoid
Insertion: lateral margin of posterior surface of opposite arytenoid
Course: Transverse
Function: Adduct; Brings arytenoids closer together glides arytenoids

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8
Q 
Oblique Arytenoid: 
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Intrinsic Adductors
Origin: muscular process of arytenoid
Insertion: apex of opposite arytenoid
Course: oblique
Function: adduct vocal folds; *glides* arytenoids
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9
Q 
Posterior Cricoarytenoid:
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A

Group: Intrinsic Abductors
Origin: cricoid lamina
Insertion: muscular process of each arytenoid
Course: oblique, fan-like
Function: Abduct vocal folds (open to breathe) rocking movement of Cricoarytenoid joint

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10
Q 
Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid): 
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Intrinsic Tensors
Origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage near angle at notch
Insertion: vocal process of arytenoid
Course: posterior
Function: Tense (lengthen) vocal folds
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11
Q 
Cricothyroid: Pars Recta
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Intrinsic Tensors
Origin: cricoid arch
Insertion: thyroid lamina
Course: oblique and Superior
Function: Tense (lengthen) vocal folds
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12
Q 
Cricothyroid: Pars Oblique
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Intrinsic Tensors
Origin: Lateral surface of cricoid
Insertion: Juncture of thyroid lamina and inferior horn
Course: oblique and superior
Function: Tense (lengthen) vocal folds
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13
Q 
Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid):
Group:
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A

Group: Intrinsic Relaxers
Origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage at notch
Insertion: muscular process and base of arytenoid
Course: posterior
Function: Relax (shorten) vocal folds

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14
Q

Auxilliary Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles:
Function:
1.

A
  1. Auxiliary (supplementary) function for voicing
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15
Q

Auxilliary Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Thyroepiglottis
  2. Superior Thyroarytenoid
  3. Aryepiglotticus
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16
Q

Styloid Process vs Mastoid Process

A

Styloid Process: close to ear canal, pointed projection

Mastoid Process: posterior to styloid process, rounded projection

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17
Q

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles:
Functions:
1.
2.

A
  1. Elevators

2. Depressors

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18
Q 
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles, Elevators: 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8.
A
  1. Stylohyoid
  2. Mylohyoid
  3. Geniohyoid
  4. Hyoglossus
  5. Genioglossus
  6. Thyropharyngeus
  7. Digastricus Anterior
  8. Digastricus Posterior

* 2 of each, 16 total*

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19
Q 
Stylohyoid: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: corpus of hyoid
Course: medial and inferior
Function: elevate and retract hyoid
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20
Q 
Mylohyoid: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: underside of mandible
Insertion: corpus of hyoid 
Course: medial and inferior "fan-like"
Function: elevate hyoid
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21
Q 
Geniohyoid:
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: inner surface of mandible near midline
Insertion: corpus of hyoid
Course: posterior
Function: elevate hyoid
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22
Q 
Hyoglossus:
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: corpus and greater horns of hyoid
Insertion: posterior and lateral tongue
Course: superior
Function: elevate hyoid
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23
Q 
Genioglossus:
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: inner surface of mandible at midline
Insertion: corpus of hyoid and tongue
Course: posterior
Function: elevate hyoid
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24
Q 
Thyropharyngeus: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: thyroid cartilage
Insertion: posterior pharynx
Course: lateral
Function: elevate hyoid
25
Q 
Digastricus Anterior (Anterior Belly): 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A

Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: inner surface of mandible at midline
Insertion: intermediate tendon attached to hyoid
Course: posterior, inferior
Function: elevate hyoid (pull up and forward)

26
Q 
Digastricus Posterior (Posterior Belly):
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Elevators
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion: intermediate tendon
Course:  anterior and inferior
Function: elevate hyoid (pull up and back)
27
Q 
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles, Depressors:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.
A
  1. Sternohyoid
  2. Omohyoid, superior and inferior bellies
  3. Sternothyroid
  4. Thyrohyoid

2 of each, 8 total

28
Q 
Sternohyoid:
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: Extrinsic Depressors
Origin: manubrium of sternum, medial end of clavicle
Insertion: hyoid 
Course: superior
Function: depress (lower) hyoid
29
Q 
Omohyoid Superior Belly:
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: extrinsic depressors
Origin: hyoid
Insertion: intermediate tendon
Course: down, inferior
Function: depress hyoid
30
Q 
Sternothyroid: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: extrinsic depressors
Origin: manubrium and rib 1
Insertion: thyroid lamina
Course: superior
Function: depress hyoid
31
Q 
Omohyoid Inferior Belly: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: extrinsic depressors
Origin: scapula
Insertion: intermediate tendon
Course: anterior and superior
Function: depress hyoid
32
Q 
Thyrohyoid: 
Group: 
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Course: 
Function:
A 
Group: extrinsic depressors
Origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Insertion: greater cornua of hyoid
Course: superior
Function: depress hyoid
33
Q

Biologic Functions of Larynx:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Coughing
  2. Throat Clearing
  3. Abdominal Fixation
34
Q

Biologic Functions of Larynx:

Coughing:

A

deep inhalation
followed by tensing and tight adduction of vocal folds and laryngeal elevation
in response to an irritant or foreign object

35
Q

Biologic Functions of Larynx:

Throat Clearing:

A

less severe than cough, clears airway

36
Q

Biologic Functions of Larynx:

Abdominal Fixation:

A

capture air in thorax, transfers force to muscles

ex: lifting

37
Q

Non-Biologic Function of the Larynx:

1.

A
  1. Sound and voice production
38
Q

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Vocal Fold Vibration:
For vocal folds to vibrate, there must be sufficient:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. subglottal air pressure
  2. tissue elasticity
  3. air flow at constriction
39
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle/Effect:

A

Given a constant flow of air at a point of constriction, there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in the speed of the flow

Pressure at the vocal folds drops, resulting in air flow speed increasing which leads to vocal fold vibration when adducted.

40
Q

Phases of Phonation
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Vocal Attack (initiate)
  2. Sustained Phonation (continue)
  3. Terminate Phonation (terminate)
41
Q

Vocal Attack Types:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Simultaneous Vocal Attack
  2. Breathy Vocal Attack
  3. Glottal Attack
42
Q

Simultaneous Vocal Attack:

A

subglottal air pressure and vocal fold adduction occur at the same time
Gives good, clear quality

43
Q

Breathy Vocal Attack:

A

exhaling through glottis before vocal fold adduction

44
Q

Glottal Attack:

A

Exhalation after vocal fold adduction

vocal folds adducted and are forced open

45
Q

Vertical Phase Difference:

A

Vocal folds open inferior to superior

Vocal folds close inferior to superior

46
Q

A-P Phase Difference:

A

Vocal folds open posterior to anterior OPA

Vocal folds close anterior to posterior CAP

47
Q

Medial Compression:

A

Force with which the vocal folds come together

48
Q

Pitch/Fundamental Frequency:
Optimal:
Habitual:
Pitch changes:

A

Optimal: vocal folds vibrate at optimal frequency, no strain no tenstion

Ideally, habitual pitch = optimal pitch, but doesn’t always occur

Pitch changes: voice cracking, not consistent

49
Q

Pitch/Fundamental Frequency:

Range:

A

how high and how low voice will go, determined by the length and weight of vocal folds

50
Q

Fundamental Frequency for Adults
Males:
Females:

A

Males: 130 Hz
Females: 220 Hz (females have shorter, thinner vocal folds)

51
Q

Frequency

Perceptual vs Objective

A

Perceptual: pitch (we measure pitch loudness and quality to determine if voice is working properly)
Objective: frequency

52
Q

Intensty and Loudness

Perceptual vs Objective

A

Perceptual: loudness
Objective: Intensity, measured in dB

53
Q

Intensity and loudness affected by:
1.
2.

A
  1. subglottal air pressure: must have atleast 3-5mm subglottal air pressure , higher = louder sound
  2. Medial Compression: greater = more subglottal air pressure require to speak
    (vocal folds come together more tightly, more pressure needed to vibrate them)
54
Q

Quality

Objective vs Perceptual

A

Only perceptual, too many factors to give one objective measurement
Can be breathy, rough, harsh, strained, etc.

55
Q

What can the quality of the voice tell you about how it is functioning?

A

Age, gender, health status

56
Q

Quality based on:

A
  1. longitudinal tension : how tense are vocal folds
  2. Mass per Unit Length (MLU): weight of vocal folds
  3. Medial Compression
  4. Subglottal Air Pressure
  5. Symmetry of vocal folds: will vibrate at different rates if not symmetrical, leading to voice disorder
57
Q

Vocal Registers:

  1. Highest:
  2. Mid-High:
  3. Mid-Low:
  4. Lowest:
A
  1. Highest: Whistle( air flowing with high resistance)
    Whisper (air flowing with low resistance)
  2. Mid-High: Falsetto (most often used when laughing)
  3. Mid-Low: Modal (everyday register)
  4. Lowest: Glottal Fry : low subglottal air pressure, low tension, low frequency
58
Q

What are the two unvoiced vocal registers?

A

Whistel and whisper, the highest registers

59
Q

What is a vocal register?

A

The mode of vocal fold vibration

Larynx (2 decks)

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