Muscles of the Head & Upper Limb

Question 1

The muscles of your head and some of the muscles of your neck are innervated by ___ ___

Answer 1

cranial nerves

Question 2

___ (#) groups of facial muscles are traditionally identified by their innervation and function

Answer 2

3

Question 3

All of the upper limb muscles are innervated by the brachial plexus, a combination of ventral rami from ___ to ___

Answer 3

C5 to T1

Question 4

Upper limb muscles are grouped by ___

Answer 4

function

Question 5

What are the groups of upper limb muscles

Answer 5

• movers of the scapula
• humeral shaft muscles
• rotator cuff muscles
• flexors of the elbow
• extensors of the elbow
• flexors of the wrist
• extensors of the wrist

Question 6

Many of the muscles within each of the 7 groups of classification have a common ___ and/or common ___

Answer 6

common attachment and/or common function

Question 7

muscles of the upper limb are innervated by the spinal nerves from

Answer 7

C5 to T1

Question 8

The 5 ventral rami from C5 - T1 combine to form the __ ___

Answer 8

brachial plexus

Question 9

what is the brachial plexus

Answer 9

a network of interchanges where neurons are regrouped on their way to their destination and as a result the nerves that lead to individual muscles of the limb will have innervation from several spinal nerves rather than just a single spinal nerve

Question 10

Why is the arrangement of the brachial plexus beneficial?

Answer 10

it is beneficial in the case of localized nerve or spinal cord damage that could otherwise paralyze a muscle, but is aided by the fact that muscles are innervated by several spinal nerves

Question 11

Why does a myocardial infarction (heart attack) result in pain in the shoulder and arm?

Answer 11

the sensory nerves from the heart converge upon the T1 spinal nerves and the dermatomes that include the arm and shoulder are also C5-T1; the spinal cord doesn’t distinguish between the pain from the shoulder and sensory information from the heart, so the brain perceives only shoulder pain

Question 12

How is the brachial plexus protected

Answer 12

it is protected by passing through the space formed by the clavicle, ribs, and scapula; lymphatic vessels, the axillaryartery and the axillaryvein also utilize this protected space on their way to and from the upper limb

Question 13

muscles are named according to their ___ ___ ___

ex. brachialis

Answer 13

shape, position or function

ex. brachialis is named bc of its position in the brachium, the upper arm

Question 14

All muscles have ___ that may be drawn together during contraction

Answer 14

attachments

Question 15

attachments are assigned an ___ and a __. Explain each

Answer 15

an origin and an insertion
origin - is the more stable and proximally located attachment
insertion - is the more mobile, distal attachment

Question 16

The action of the muscle is determined by __

ex. brachialis

Answer 16

knowing the attachments of the muscle and the joint that exists between them

ex. the brachialis muscle will draw the ulnar tuberosity toward the humerus; since the humeroulnar joint is a hinge joint, the action will be flexion

Question 17

Synergists vs antagonists

Answer 17

synergists - muscles that have the same or similar actions

antagonists - muscles that provide the opposite action

Question 18

For muscles to have mechanical properties, they rely upon ___ __

Answer 18

connective tissues

Question 19

Name the 4 connective tissue types discussed in manual

Answer 19

Tendon
Fascia
Aponeurosis
Retinaculum

Question 20

Define a tendon

Answer 20

a continuation of the connective tissue of the muscle that connects it to a bone

Question 21

Define a aponeurosis

Answer 21

a broad, flat tendon

Question 22

Define a retinaculum

Answer 22

a specialized fascia that functions as a band to hold underlying tendons in place

Question 23

Define a fascia

Answer 23

a catch all term for connective tissue that wraps around structures - muscles are divided into fascial compartments by intermuscularsepta