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Anatomy Lab > Anatomy of the Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The brain receives information about the ___ and ___ environment

A

internal and external

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2
Q

the brain makes decisions regarding: ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___

A

muscular movements, glandular secretions, heart and respiration rate, social interactions and the regulation of homeostasis

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3
Q

Similar to the spinal cord, the brain is organized with __ surrounding a ___

A

central gray matter surrounding a fluid filled cavity

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4
Q

surrounding the gray matter are ___

A

large white matter tracts for carrying ascending and descending information

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5
Q

there is a second region of gray matter found ___ to the white matter - where is it found?

A

gray matter found superficial to the white matter in the cerebral cortex

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6
Q

sensory inputs converge where? what does this allow for?

A

sensory inputs converge in the cerebral cortex, allowing us to make sense of our environment

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7
Q

what is formed 4 weeks after fertilization?

A

the neural tube

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8
Q

what is the neural tube

A

it is a hollow tube that forms all of the cells found in the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

the walls of the neural tube become what? the cavity in the tube becomes what?

A

the walls become the neurons and glial cells while the hollow cavity becomes the central canal in the spinal cord and he series of interconnected ventricles

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10
Q

the growth of the ___ from the neural tube outpaces the other regions of growth

A

cerebrum

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11
Q

what are the brain’s six major divisions?

A
  1. cerebrum (2 hemispheres)
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Midbrain
  4. Pons
  5. Medulla Oblongata
  6. Cerebellum
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12
Q

what 3 parts of the six major divisions make up the “brainstem”

A

the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

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13
Q

the central gray matter is also called ___ and surrounds a fluid filled cavity also called __

A

nuclei ; ventricles

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14
Q

many of the body’s sensory input have a specialized region of the ___ dedicated to ___

A

cortex dedicated to their processing of information

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15
Q

the specialized cortices are ___ allowing for ___ of the senses and a highly ___ ___ of reality

A

the cortices are interconnected allowing for integration of the senses and a highly detailed perception

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16
Q

in addition to the 2 types of gray matter, there is a very large amount of ___ ___ containing ___ traveling to and from the brain’s ___ and ___

A

white matter containing axons that travel to and from the brain’s nuclei and cortex

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17
Q

the axons communicate between 1. __ and 2. ___ through ___

A

they communicate between specific regions of the brain and between the brain and spinal cord ; they do it through the highly ordered tracts that the axons are organized into

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18
Q

what are ventricles

A

the are a series of chambers within the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum that travel down the center of the brain to the spinal cord

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19
Q

what do ventricles contain?

A

fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid or CSF

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20
Q

what does CSF do

A

nourishes and protects the brain

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21
Q

where is the CSF produced

A

it is produced from blood at the choroid plexuses, which are found in the walls of the ventricles

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22
Q

a set of paired ventricles lying within the cerebral hemispheres are called the ___

A

lateral ventricles

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23
Q

what is the septum pellucidum

A

it is the thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

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24
Q

each lateral ventricle connects to a ___ by an ___

A

3rd ventricle by an inter-ventricular foramen

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25
Q

what surrounds the 3rd ventricle?

A

the diencephalon

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26
Q

the 3rd ventricle narrows to form the __

A

cerebral aqueduct

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27
Q

the cerebral aqueduct passes through the ___

A

midbrain

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28
Q

what shape is the 4th ventricle

A

diamond-shaped

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29
Q

what borders the 4th ventricle

A

the pons border the 4th ventricle anteriorly and the cerebellum borders the 4th ventricle posteriorly

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30
Q

the 4th ventricle narrows substantially to become what?

A

the central canal of the medulla and spinal cord

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31
Q

the brain is surrounded by the bones of the skull and a series of ____ called ____

A

membranes called meninges (singular = meninx)

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32
Q

the most superficial of the meninges is the ___

A

dura mater

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33
Q

the dura mater does what

A

provides a resilient layer around the brain

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34
Q

the dura mater’s two sublayers divide to form routes for blood called the ___

A

dural venous sinuses

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35
Q

what is the function of the dural venous sinuses

A

they function as veins, draining blood away from the brain and scalp

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36
Q

the ____ is on the innermost surface of the dura mater

A

the arachnoid mater

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37
Q

the arachnoid mater’s fine strands extend across the ____ to the deepest meninx called the ____

A

subarachnoid space to the deepest meninx called the pia mater

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38
Q

the subarachnoid space is filled with ___ to provide a ___ to surround the brain

A

CSF to provide a watery cushion surrounding the brain

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39
Q

what absorbs excess CSF

A

the dural venous sinuses absorb excess CSF through arachnoid granulations

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40
Q

what are arachnoid granulations

A

extensions of the arachnoid mater that help the dural venous sinuses to absorb CSF

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41
Q

major regions of the brain are separated by

A

dural folds

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42
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

the separation between the two cerebral hemispheres

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43
Q

where can the falx (sickle) cerebri be found

A

within the longitudinal fissure

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44
Q

within the falx cerebri there is a large dural venous sinus close to the skull called the ____

A

superior sagittal sinus

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45
Q

another major dural fold is the ___ (hint: tent-like)

A

tentorium cerebelli

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46
Q

where can the tentorium cerebelli be found

A

in the transverse fissure

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47
Q

what is the transverse fissure

A

a deep crevasse that divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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48
Q

what is the 1st step of circulation

A

CSF is produces in the choroid plexuses

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49
Q

what are the choroid plexuses

A

blood vessels in the walls of the ventricles

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50
Q

what is the 2nd step of circulation

A

small openings in the ventricular system allow CSF to escape and enter the continuous subarachnoid space that surrounds the entire brain and spinal cord

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51
Q

what is the 3rd step of circulation

A

in the subarachnoid space, CSF has its greatest protective role, providing a cushion of fluid capable of dissipating forces that impact the skull and vertebral column

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52
Q

what is the 4th step of circulation

A

from the subarachnoid space, CSF returns to the blood and specialized regions of the subarachnoid mater called arachnoid granulations penetrate the dural venous sinuses surrounding the brain

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53
Q

what are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
  5. insular
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54
Q

which lobe is the most difficult to visualize

A

the insular lobe - it is tucked away in the lateral sulcus

55
Q

a thin layer of gray matter called the ___ lies on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

56
Q

the surface of the cerebrum is covered in ridges called ___, grooves called ___ and major grooves called ____

A

gyri (gyrus = singular)
sulci (sulcus = singular)
fissures

57
Q

what divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

the central sulcus

58
Q

what separates the right and left hemispheres

A

the longitudinal fissure

59
Q

what divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

the lateral sulcus

60
Q

what divides the parietal and occipital lobes

A

the parieto-occipital sulcus

61
Q

what allows for an expansive network of synapses in the brain

A

the large surface area created by the lobes and intricate folding pattern created by the gyri and sulci

62
Q

the cortex is organized into

A

functional regions

63
Q

what are motor areas and where are they found

A

they are regions that produce voluntary movement throughout the body and send instructions to the motor division of the peripheral nervous system; they are found in the frontal lobe

64
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located

A

the precentral gyrus on the frontal lobe of each hemisphere

65
Q

what is the primary motor cortex

A

the region that issues motor commands to the body

66
Q

like motor areas, there are also regions concerned with receiving information from ___

A

the senses

67
Q

where do the general senses (touch, temperature and pain) of the body arrive in the brain?

A

they arrive at the primary sensory cortex

68
Q

where is the primary sensory cortex located

A

on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes

69
Q

special senses project to other parts of the __

A

cortex

70
Q

where is the primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

71
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

72
Q

where is the primary olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

73
Q

where is the primary gustatory (taste) cortex

A

insular lobe

74
Q

what are multimodal association areas

A

these are areas that integrate inputs from multiple senses and allow us to make meaning of the information we receive

75
Q

where can you find the multimodal association areas

A

throughout the cortex

76
Q

what is the best understood multimodal association area and what is it important for

A

the best understood is the prefrontal cortex - a region important in social interactions and personality

77
Q

white matter is found where

A

beneath the cortex

78
Q

white matter contains ___ that make tracts and allow for what

A

it contains axons that form tracts and allow the passage of information to and from the cortex

79
Q

there are __ directions that bundles of axons can take

A

3

80
Q

what are the 3 directions the bundles of axons in the white matter can take

A
  1. commissural tracts
  2. projection tracts
  3. association tracts
81
Q

what are commissural tracts

A

they connect the cortex to the cortex of the opposite hemisphere - the vast majority of tracts cross at the corpus callosum but a smaller commissure is visible inferior to the corpus callosum called the fornix (or arch)

82
Q

what are projection tracts

A

they connect the cortex to lower brain regions or to the spinal cord; these fibers control muscles and relay senses to/from most of your body

83
Q

what are association tracts

A

these tracts connect the cortex to adjacent regions of the same hemisphere

84
Q

where can the basal nuclei (or basal ganglia) be found

A

they lie close to the ventricles in the deepest recesses of the cerebral hemispheres

85
Q

what do the basal nuclei do

A

they are clusters of gray matter that are mainly responsible for regulation of movement initiation and the coordinated control of antagonistic muscle pairs (biceps v. triceps for ex. )

86
Q

how are basal nuclei related to Parkinson’s disease

A

Parkinson’s results from the over-activity of these nuclei - people w/ parkisons have uncontrolled muscles contracting on both sides of joins leading to tremors/difficulty initiating movements

87
Q

what region of the brain is directly affected by Parkinson’s

A

the midbrain - the region that regulates activity of the basal nuclei

88
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

it is a brain region that includes 3 major structures of the adult brain

89
Q

what are the 3 major structures included in the diencephalon

A

the thalamus, the epithalamus, and hypothalamus

90
Q

during development the epithalamus has 2 parts - what are they

A

the pineal gland and the choroid plexus

91
Q

what does the pineal gland (or body) do

A

it produces melatonin which prepares the body for sleep

92
Q

what does the choroid plexus do

A

it produces CSF - choroid plexuses may be found in all of the ventricles - only the plexus of the 3rd ventricle is part of the epithalamus

93
Q

what is the thalamus

A

this brain region is often called the relay station because it is the site of synapse for nearly all sensory pathways; signals are routed from the spinal cord or lower brain regions to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex

94
Q

the thalamus has two __ shaped halves with the __ __ between them

A

egg-shaped halves with the 3rd ventricle between them

95
Q

what is the interthalamic adhesion

A

a small spot where the two halves of the thalamus make contact through the 3rd ventricle (only found in 70% of brains)

96
Q

where is the hypothalamus and what is it made of

A

below the thalamus ; it contains several nuclei that regulate many bodily functions

97
Q

what are the 5 functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. autonomic control - governs the activity of the autonomic nuclei in the brainstem
  2. emotional center - initiates “gut reaction” to various stimuli including hunger, thirst, sex, anger, fear, rage
  3. body temperature control - initiates sweating or shivering
  4. sleep cycle control
  5. pituitary control - releases hormones that control the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland
98
Q

where is the midbrain

A

it is a narrow region between the pons and thalamus

99
Q

what is inside the midbrain

A

there are two pairs of pigmented nuclei

100
Q

what are the two pairs of pigmented nuclei in the midbrain and what do they do

A
  1. the red nucleus - coordinates gross limb movements
  2. the substantia nigra - controls the basal nuclei; dopamine releasing neurons degenerate in parkinson’s leaving the basal nuclei unregulated
101
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A

they are large bundles of axons containing projection tracts that permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres and lower parts of the central nervous system

102
Q

what are superior colliculi

A

they are nuclei on the posterior side of the midbrain that initiate visual reflexes ( ex. the coordination of eye and head movements when tracking a moving object)

103
Q

what are inferior colliculi

A

they are nuclei on the posterior midbrain that receive auditory information and coordinate reflexive actions in response to sounds

104
Q

together the superior and inferior colliculi form the what?

A

corpora quadrigemina (corpora = bodies; quadrigemina = four twins)

105
Q

what are the pons

A

they contain mostly tracts of white matter

106
Q

many tracts pass vertically through the pons and form the ___ of the midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles

107
Q

some tracts that arrive at the pons enter the cerebellum through large bundles called the ___

A

cerebellar peduncles

108
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

the cerebellum receives information from the cerebral hemispheres about tis intent to initiate movements and it receives info from sensory receptors in muscles and joins that provide info about the body’s position

109
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

sensory receptors in the muscles and joints

110
Q

what calculates coordinated movements of the body

A

the cerebellum

111
Q

what is called “little brain” and why

A

the cerebellum ; b/c it has 2 hemispheres that have an outer cortex and inner white matter

112
Q

what is the arbor vitae

A

it is the name of the white matter in the cerebellum that exhibits a distinct tree-like branching pattern

113
Q

the cortex of the cerebellum is folded into little ridges called ___

A

follia (singular = folium)

114
Q

what is the vermis (= the worm)

A

the miniature 3rd lobe at the center of the cerebellum

115
Q

in addition to the mostly white matter tracts in the medulla oblongata several important __ are present

A

nuclei

116
Q

nuclei in the medulla oblongata send and receive info from the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic

117
Q

what are the 3 types of centers in the medulla oblongata that send and receive info

A
  1. the cardiovascular centers - they regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter
  2. respiratory centers - control depth and rate of breathing
  3. various autonomic centers - reflex centers for the gastrointestinal tract
118
Q

what are the most striking external features on the medulla oblongata

A

the large ridges on the anterior surface called the medullary pyramids

119
Q

what do the medullary pyramids contain

A

very large descending “corticospinal tracts” which contain axons that direct voluntary movements of the body

120
Q

what are the two important functional components of the brain that span anatomical boundaries

A

the limbic system and the reticular formation

121
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

a loosely organized series of nuclei extending throughout the brainstem that play an important role in filtering sensory information on its way to the cortex
- keeps all the different stimuli from all your receptors from your conscious thought

122
Q

what is the limbic system

A

it includes structures in the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, and hypothalamus: all these structures coordinate to recognize social cues and elicit emotions and memory

123
Q

emotional overstimulation from the limbic system can have an affect on autonomic targets (like nausea, vomiting) - why?

A

because the hypothalamus is involved in both emotion and autonomic control and the hypothalamus is apart of the limbic system

124
Q

where are the cranial nerves

A

on the inferior surface of the brain

125
Q

cranial nerve 1 is the ___

A

olfactory nerve - a very short nerve running from the nasal epithelium through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. it synapses within the olfactory bulbs

126
Q

what is the olfactory tract

A

the visible structure on the surface of the brain - it is an extension of the cerebral hemisphere

127
Q

where is the olfactory bulbs

A

at the distal end of the olfactory tracts ; they are where the olfactory nerve synapses

128
Q

Cranial nerve 2 is the __

A

optic nerve - it carries information from the retina of the eye to the optic chiasm and then the optic tracts carry information to the brain

129
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

where about half of the fibers cross to the opposite side

130
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

131
Q

what is the mnemonic to remember the first letter of nerves

A 
Oh
Once
One
Takes
The
Anatomy
Final, a 
Very
Good
Vacation
Sounds
Heavenly
132
Q

Using the mnemonic, name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Olfactory 
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal 
Abducens
Facial 
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal 
Vagus
Spinal Accessory 
Hypoglossal
133
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember whether the cranial nerves are motor, sensory or both

A 
Some 
Say 
Marry 
Money 
But 
My 
Brother 
Says 
Big
Business 
Makes 
Money
134
Q

using the mnemonic, say whether the nerves are motor, sensory or both

A

Olfactory - Sensory (from olfactory epithelium)
Optic - Sensory (from retina)
Oculomotor - Motor (to most extrinsic eye muscles)
Trochlear - Motor (to extrinsic eye muscle)
Trigeminal - Both; motor to chewing muscles; sensory from face, oral and nasal cavities
Abducens - Motor (to extrinsic eye muscle)
Facial - Both: motor to facial expression muscles; sensory from taste buds
Vestibulocochlear - Sensory (from inner ear)
Glossopharyngeal - Both: motor to pharynx; sensory from taste buds
Vagus - Both: motor and sensory to thoracic and abdominal organs
Spinal Accessory - Motor (to neck muscles)
Hypoglossal - Motor (to tongue muscles)

Anatomy Lab (5 decks)

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