Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

lower extremity > MUSCLES OF PELVIS & LOWER EXTREMITY > Flashcards

MUSCLES OF PELVIS & LOWER EXTREMITY Flashcards

1
Q

anterior hip iliopsoas

A

psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

psoas major origin

A

Transverse processes
& bodies of lumbar
vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

psoas major insertion

A

Lesser trochanter
of femur (fusing
with iliacus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

psoas major action

A

Flexion & lateral
rotation of thigh at
hip jnt. and flexion
of trunk on hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

psoas major innervation

A

Lumbar spinal
n. L2-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Psoas minor origin

A

12th thoracic & 1st
lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Psoas minor insertion

A

Iliopectineal line
or fused with
psoas major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Psoas minor action

A

Flexion of pelvis on
abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psoas minor innervation

A

lumbar plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Iliacus origin

A

Iliac fossa & sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Iliacus insertion

A

Tendon of psoas major into lesser
trochanter of
femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iliacus action

A

Flexion & lateral
rotation of thigh at
hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Iliacus innervation

A

Femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

posterior-lateral hip

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gluteus maximus origin

A

Iliac crest, posterior gluteal line, sacrum &
соссух

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gluteus maximus insertion

A

Iliotibial tract of
tensor fascia latae & gluteal
tuberosity of
femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gluteus maximus action

A

Extension & lateral
rotation of thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gluteus maximus innervation

A

Inferior gluteal
n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gluteus medius origin

A

Ilium between
anterior & posterior
gluteal lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gluteus medius insertion

A

Greater
trochanter of
femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gluteus medius action

A

Abduction &
medial rotation of
thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gluteus medius innervation

A

Superior gluteal n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gluteus minimus origin

A

Ilium between
anterior & inferior
gluteal lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gluteus minimus insertion

A

Greater
trochanter of
femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gluteus minimus action

A

Abduction &
medial rotation of
thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gluteus minimus innervation

A

Superior gluteal
n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tensor fascia latae origin

A

Anterior superior iliac
spine & iliac crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tensor fascia latae insertion

A

Iliotibial tract
which attaches to
lateral tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tensor fascia latae action

A

Flexion &
abduction of thigh
at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tensor fascia latae innervation

A

Superior gluteal
n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lateral rotators

A

piriformis
superior gemellus
obturator internus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
obturator externus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

piriformis origin

A

Anterior surface of sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

piriformis insertion

A

Greater trochanter of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

piriformis action

A

Lateral rotation & abduction of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

piriformis innervation

A

sacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Superior gemellus origin

A

Ischial spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Superior gemellus insertion

A

Greater trochanter of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Superior gemellus action

A

Lateral rotation & abduction of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Superior gemellus innervation

A

lumbosacral plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Obturator internus origin

A

Inner surface of obturator foramen, pubis & ischium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Obturator internus insertion

A

Greater trochanter of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Obturator internus action

A

Lateral rotation & abduction of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Obturator internus innervation

A

Lumbosacral
plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

inferior gemellus origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

inferior gemellus insertion

A

Greater trochanter of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

inferior gemellus action

A

Lateral rotation & abduction of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

inferior gemellus innervation

A

Lumbosacral
plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Quadratus femoris origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Quadratus femoris insertion

A

Quadrate
tubercle of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Quadratus femoris action

A

Lateral rotation of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Quadratus femoris innervation

A

Lumbosacral
plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Obturator externus origin

A

Outer surface of obturator foramen & membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Obturator externus insertion

A

Trochanteric fossa of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Obturator externus action

A

Lateral rotation & abduction of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Obturator externus innervation

A

Obturator n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

anterior thigh

A

sartorius
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

sartorius origin

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

sartorius insertion

A

Proximal, medial
surface of shaft of tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

sartorius action

A

Flexion, abduction & lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

sartorius innervation

A

femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

rectus femoris origin

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

rectus femoris insertion

A

Patella via quadriceps tendon & then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

rectus femoris action

A

Extension of leg at knee jnt. & flexion of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

rectus femoris innervation

A

femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

vastus lateralis origin

A

Greater trochanter and lateral margin of linea aspera of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

vastus lateralis insertion

A

Patella via quadriceps tendon & then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

vastus lateralis action

A

Extension of leg at knee jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

vastus lateralis innervation

A

femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

vastus medialis origin

A

Medial margin of linea aspera of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

vastus medialis insertion

A

Patella via quadriceps
tendon & then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

vastus medialis action

A

Extension of leg at knee jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

vastus medialis innervation

A

femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

vastus inermedius origin

A

Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

vastus inermedius insertion

A

Patella via quadriceps
tendon & then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

vastus inermedius action

A

Extension of leg at knee jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

vastus inermedius innervation

A

femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

medial thigh

A

pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
adductor minimus (part of adductor magnus)
gracilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

pectineus origin

A

superior ramus of pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

pectineus insertion

A

Pectineal line of femur, between lesser trochanter and linea aspera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

pectineus action

A

Flexion & adduction of thigh at hip jnt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

pectineus innervation

A

femoral n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Adductor brevis origin

A

Inferior ramus of pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Adductor brevis insertion

A

Superior half of linea aspera of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Adductor brevis action

A

Adduction &
flexion of thigh at hip jnt., rotates thigh*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Adductor brevis innervation

A

Obturator n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Adductor longus origin

A

Pubic crest & pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Adductor longus insertion

A

Linea aspera of femur

88
Q

Adductor longus action

A

Adduction &
flexion of thigh at hip jnt., rotates thigh*

89
Q

Adductor longus innervation

A

obturator n.

90
Q

Adductor Magnus origin

A

Inferior ramus of pubis & ischium to ischial tuberosity

90
Q

Adductor Magnus insertion

A

Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur

91
Q

Adductor Magnus action

A

Adduction of thigh at hip jnt.- anterior fibers flex thigh & posterior fibers extend thigh, rotates thigh*

92
Q

Adductor Magnus innervation

A

Obturator & sciatic n.

93
Q

adductor minimus origin

A

Inferior ramus of pubis

94
Q

adductor minimus insertion

A

Medial lip of linea aspera of femur

95
Q

adductor minimus action

A

Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh at hip jnt.

96
Q

adductor minimus innervation

A

Obturator n.

97
Q

Gracilis origin

A

Body & inferior ramus of pubis

98
Q

Gracilis insertion

A

proximal, medial surface of shaft of tibia

99
Q

Gracilis action

A

adduction of thigh at hip jnt. flexion and medial rotation of leg at knee jnt.

100
Q

Gracilis innervation

A

obturator n.

101
Q

posterior thigh

A

biceps femoris
semi-tendinosus
semi-membranosus

102
Q

biceps femoris origin

A
  1. Long head: Ischial tuberosity
  2. Short head: Linea aspera of femur
103
Q

biceps femoris insertion

A

Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

104
Q

biceps femoris action

A

Flexion of leg at knee jnt. & extension of thigh at hip jnt.

105
Q

biceps femoris innervation

A

Sciatic n. (tibial & common fibular n.)

106
Q

semi-tendinosus origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

107
Q

semi-tendinosus insertion

A

Proximal, medial surface of shaft of tibia

108
Q

semi-tendinosus action

A

Flexion of leg at knee jnt. & extension of thigh at hip jnt.

109
Q

semi-tendinosus innervation

A

Sciatic n. (tibial n.)

110
Q

semi-membranosus origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

111
Q

semi-membranosus insertion

A

Medial condyle of tibia

112
Q

semi-membranosus action

A

Flexion of leg at knee jnt. & extension of thigh at hip jnt.

113
Q

semi-membranosus innervation

A

Sciatic n. (tibial n.)

114
Q

anterior leg

A

tribialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis (peroneus) tertius N.A.P.

115
Q

tribialis anterior origin

A

Lateral condyle and shaft of tibia & interosseus membrane

116
Q

tribialis anterior insertion

A

1st metatarsal &
1st cuneiform

117
Q

tribialis anterior action

A

Dorsiflexion & inversion of foot

118
Q

tribialis anterior innervation

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) n.

119
Q

Extensor hallucis longus origin

A

Anterior surface of fibula & interosseous membrane

120
Q

Extensor hallucis longus insertion

A

Distal phalanx of 1st toe

121
Q

Extensor hallucis longus action

A

Dorsiflexion of foot & extension of 1st toe

122
Q

Extensor hallucis longus innervation

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) n.

123
Q

Extensor digitorum longus origin

A

Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula & interosseous membrane

124
Q

Extensor digitorum longus insertion

A

Middle & distal phalanges of toes 2-5

125
Q

Extensor digitorum longus action

A

Dorsiflexion of foot & extension of digits 2-5

126
Q

Extensor digitorum longus innervation

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) n.

127
Q

fibularis (peroneus) tertius N.A.P. origin

A

Distal ⅓ of fibula & interosseous membrane

128
Q

fibularis (peroneus) tertius N.A.P. insertion

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

129
Q

fibularis (peroneus) tertius N.A.P. action

A

Dorsiflexion & eversion of foot

130
Q

fibularis (peroneus) tertius N.A.P. innervation

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) n.

131
Q

posterior leg (superficial)

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris N.A.P.

132
Q

gastrocnemius (lateral & medial heads) origin

A

Lateral and medial
condyles of femur

133
Q

gastrocnemius (lateral & medial heads) insertion

A

Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

134
Q

gastrocnemius (lateral & medial heads) action

A

plantar flexion of foot at ankle jnt. & flexion of leg at knee jnt.

135
Q

gastrocnemius (lateral & medial heads) innervation

136
Q

Soleus origin

A

Head of fibula & soleal line of tibia

137
Q

Soleus insertion

A

Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

138
Q

Soleus action

A

Plantarflexion of foot at ankle jnt.

139
Q

Soleus innervation

140
Q

Plantaris N.A.P. origin

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur

141
Q

Plantaris N.A.P. insertion

A

Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

142
Q

Plantaris N.A.P. action

A

Plantarflexion of foot at ankle jnt. & flexion of leg at knee jnt.

143
Q

Plantaris N.A.P. innervation

144
Q

posterior leg (deep)

A

popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus

145
Q

Popliteus origin

A

Lateral condyle of femur

146
Q

Popliteus insertion

A

Proximal tibia-above popliteal line

147
Q

Popliteus action

A

Flexion & medial rotation of leg at knee jnt.;
unlocking of extended knee

148
Q

Popliteus innervation

149
Q

Tibialis posterior origin

A

Posterior tibia, posterior fibula & interosseous membrane

150
Q

Tibialis posterior insertion

A

Navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals 2-4

151
Q

Tibialis posterior action

A

Plantarflexion & inversion of foot at ankle jnt.

152
Q

Tibialis posterior

153
Q

flexor digitorum longus origin

A

Posterior surface of tibia

154
Q

flexor digitorum longus insertion

A

Distal phalanges of toes 2-5

155
Q

flexor digitorum longus action

A

Flexion of digits 2-5 & plantarflexion of foot at ankle jnt.

156
Q

flexor digitorum longus innervation

157
Q

Flexor hallucis longus origin

A

Distal ⅔ of fibula

158
Q

Flexor hallucis longus insertion

A

Distal phalanx of 1st toe

159
Q

Flexor hallucis longus action

A

Flexion of 1st toe & plantarflexion of foot

160
Q

Flexor hallucis longus innervation

161
Q

lateral leg

A

fibularis (peroneus) longus
fibularis (peroneus) brevis

162
Q

fibularis (peroneus) longus origin

A

Head & proximal ⅔ of fibula

163
Q

fibularis (peroneus) longus insertion

A

1st metatarsal &1st cuneiform

164
Q

fibularis (peroneus) longus action

A

Plantarflexion & eversion of foot at ankle jnt.

165
Q

fibularis (peroneus) longus innervation

A

Superficial fibular (peroneal) n.

166
Q

fibularis (peroneus) brevis origin

A

Distal ⅔ of shaft of fibula

167
Q

fibularis (peroneus) brevis insertion

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

168
Q

fibularis (peroneus) brevis action

A

Plantarflexion & eversion of foot at ankle jnt.

169
Q

fibularis (peroneus) brevis innervation

A

superficial fibular (peroneal) n.

170
Q

dorsum foot

A

extrensor digitorum brevis
extrensor hallucis brevis

171
Q

extrensor digitorum brevis innervation

A

deep peroneal n.

172
Q

extrensor hallucis brevis innervation

A

deep peroneal n.

173
Q

plantar foot first layer

A

flexor digitorum brevis
abductor hallucis
abductor digiti minimi

174
Q

flexor digitorum brevis innervation

A

medial plantar n.

175
Q

abductor hallucis innervation

A

medial plantar n.

176
Q

abductor digit minimi innervation

A

lateral plantar n.

177
Q

plantar foot second layer

A

quadratus plantae
lumbricals

178
Q

quadratus plantae action

A

flexion of toes 2-5

179
Q

quadratus plantae innervation

A

lateral plantar n.

180
Q

lumbricals action

A

flexion of proximal phalanges, extension of middle & distal phalanges of toes 2-5

181
Q

lumbricals innervation

A

medial & lateral plantar n.

182
Q

plantar foot third layer

A

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

183
Q

flexor hallucis brevis innervation

A

medial plantar n.

184
Q

adductor hallucis innervation

A

lateral plantar n.

185
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis innervation

A

lateral plantar n.

186
Q

plantar foot fourth layer

A

dorsal interossei (4)
plantar interossei (3)

187
Q

dorsal interossei (4) action

A

abduction of toes

188
Q

dorsal interossei (4) innervation

A

lateral plantar n.

189
Q

plantar interossei (3) action

A

adduction of toes

190
Q

plantar interossei (3) innveration

A

lateral plantar n.

192
Q

medial thigh

A

pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
adductor minimus (part of adductor magnus)
gracilis

193
Q

pectineus origin

A

superior ramus of pubis

194
Q

pectineus insertion

A

Pectineal line of femur, between lesser trochanter and linea aspera

195
Q

pectineus action

A

Flexion & adduction of thigh at hip jnt.

196
Q

pectineus innervation

A

femoral n.

197
Q

Adductor brevis origin

A

Inferior ramus of pubis

198
Q

Adductor brevis insertion

A

Superior half of linea aspera of femur

199
Q

Adductor brevis action

A

Adduction &
flexion of thigh at hip jnt., rotates thigh*

200
Q

Adductor brevis innervation

A

Obturator n.

201
Q

Adductor longus origin

A

Pubic crest & pubic symphysis

202
Q

Adductor longus insertion

A

Linea aspera of femur

203
Q

Adductor longus action

A

Adduction &
flexion of thigh at hip jnt., rotates thigh*

204
Q

Adductor longus innervation

A

obturator n.

205
Q

Adductor Magnus origin

A

Inferior ramus of pubis & ischium to ischial tuberosity

206
Q

Adductor Magnus insertion

A

Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur

207
Q

Adductor Magnus action

A

Adduction of thigh at hip jnt.- anterior fibers flex thigh & posterior fibers extend thigh, rotates thigh*

208
Q

Adductor Magnus innervation

A

Obturator & sciatic n.

209
Q

adductor minimus origin

A

Inferior ramus of pubis

210
Q

adductor minimus insertion

A

Medial lip of linea aspera of femur

211
Q

adductor minimus action

A

Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh at hip jnt.

212
Q

adductor minimus innervation

A

Obturator n.

213
Q

Gracilis origin

A

Body & inferior ramus of pubis

214
Q

Gracilis insertion

A

proximal, medial surface of shaft of tibia

215
Q

Gracilis action

A

adduction of thigh at hip jnt. flexion and medial rotation of leg at knee jnt.

216
Q

Gracilis innervation

A

obturator n.

lower extremity (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions