Muscles of lower limb Flashcards
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Iliopsoas?
Psoas Major
Proximal: Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae & disks between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
Distal: Lesser trochanter of femur
Psoas Minor
Proximal: Sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral discs
Distal: Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch
Iliacus
Proximal: iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, & anterior sacroiliac ligaments
Distal: Tendon of Psoas major, lesser trochanter & femur distal to it
Action: Act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint & in stabilising this joint
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Sartorius?
Proximal: anterior superior iliac spine & superior part of notch inferior to it
Distal: superior part of medial surface of tibia
Action: Flexes, abducts & laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg at knee joint
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Quadriceps Femoris?
Proximal:
Rectus Femoris: Anterior Inferior iliac spine & ilium superior to acetabulum
Vastus Lateralis: Greater trochanter & lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
Vastus Medialis: Intertrochanteric line & medial lip of linea aspera of femur
Vastus Intermedius: Anterior & lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
Distal:
Via common tendinous & independent attachments to base of patella;
Indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity;
Medial & lateral vasti also attach to tibia & patella via aponeuroses (medial & lateral patellar retinacula)
Action:
Extend leg at knee joint; Rectus femoris also steadies hip joint & helps iliopsoas flex thigh
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Adductor Longus?
Proximal: Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Distal: Middle 3rd of linea aspera of femur
Action: Adducts thigh
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Adductor Brevis?
Proximal: Body & inferior ramus of pubis
Distal: Pectineal line & proximal part of linea aspera of femur
Action: Adducts thigh; to some extent flexes it
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Adductor Magnus?
Adductor part Proximal: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium Distal: Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line Action: Flexes thigh Hamstrings part Proximal: Ischial tuberosity Distal: Adductor tubercle of femur Action: Extends thigh
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Gracilis?
Proximal: Body & inferior ramus of pubis
Distal: Superior part of medial surface of tibia
Action: Adducts thigh; flexes leg; helps rotate leg medially
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Obturator externus?
Proximal: Margins of Obturator foramen & Obturator membrane
Distal: Trochanteric fossa of femur
Action: Laterally rotates thigh; steadies head of femur in acetabulum
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Gluteus maximus?
Proximal: Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum & coccyx; sacrotuberous ligament
Distal: Most fibres end in iliotibial tract, which inserts into lateral condyle of tibia; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity
Action: Extends thigh & assists in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh & assists in rising from sitting position
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment of the Gluteus Medius?
Proximal: External surface of ilium between anterior & posterior gluteal lines
Distal: Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment of the Gluteus minimus?
Proximal: External surface of ilium between anterior & inferior gluteal lines
Distal: Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment of the Tensor of fascia lata?
Proximal: Anterior Superior iliac spine; anterior part of iliac crest
Distal: iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia
What is the Action of the Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus & Tensor of fascia lata?
Abduct & medially rotate thigh; keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight-bearing & advance opposite (unsupported) side during its swing phase
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Piriformis, Obturator internus & gemelli?
Piriformis
Proximal: Anterior surface of sacrum; sacrotuberous ligament
Distal: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur
Obturator internus
Proximal: Pelvic surface of Obturator membrane & surrounding bones
Distal: Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Superior Gemellus Proximal: Ischial spine Inferior Gemellus Proximal: Ischial tuberosity Distal both gemelli: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
Action all: Laterally rotate extended thigh & abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Quadratus femoris?
Proximal: Lateral border of Ischial tuberosity
Distal: Quadrate tubercle on Intertrochanteric crest of femur & area inferior to it
Action: Laterally rotates thigh; steadies femoral head in acetabulum
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Semitendinosus & Semimembranosus?
Proximal: Ischial tuberosity
Distal
Semitendinosus: Medial surface of superior part of tibia
Semimembranosus: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)
Action: Extend thigh; flex leg & rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh & leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Biceps femoris?
Proximal
Long head: Ischial tuberosity
Short head: Linea aspera & lateral supracondylar line of femur
Distal: Lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee
Action: Flexes leg & rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends thigh (e.g. accelerating mass during first step of gait)
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Tibialis anterior?
Proximal: Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia & interosseous membrane
Distal: Medial & inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Extensor Digitorum Longus?
Proximal: Lateral condyle of tibia & superior 3/4 of medial surface of fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal: Middle & distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Action: Extends lateral 4 digits and Dorsiflexes ankle
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Extensor halluces Longus?
Proximal: Middle part of anterior surface of fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
Action: Extends great toe & Dorsiflexes ankle
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Fibularid tertius?
Proximal: Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal: Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflexes ankle & aids in eversion of foot
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Fibularis Longus and Brevis?
Fibularis Longus
Proximal: Head & superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Distal: Base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform
Fibularis Brevis
Proximal: Inferior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Distal: Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
Action both: Everts foot & weakly plantarflexes ankle
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Gastrocnemius?
Proximal
Gastrocnemius Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Gastrocnemius Medial head: popliteal surface of femur; superior to medial condyle
Distal: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended; raises heel during walking; flexes leg at knee joint
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Soleus?
Proximal: Posterior aspect of head & superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula soleal line & Middle third of medial border of tibia; & tendinous arch extending between the bony attachments
Distal: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: Plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee; steadies leg on foot
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Plantaris?
Proximal: Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur; oblique popliteal ligament
Distal: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Popliteus?
Proximal: Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur & lateral meniscus
Distal: Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
Action: Weakly flexes knee & unlocks it by rotating femur 5 degrees on fixed tibia; medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Flexor Hallucis Longus?
Proximal: Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula; inferior part of interosseous membrane
Distal: Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
Action: Flexes great toe at all joints; weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arch of foot
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Flexor Digitorum Longus?
Proximal: Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; by a broad tendon to fibula
Distal: Bases of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Action: Flexes lateral 4 digits; plantarflexes ankle, supports longitudinal arches of foot
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Tibialis posterior?
Proximal: Interosseous membrane; posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; posterior surface of fibula
Distal: Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid & sustentaculum tail of calcaneus; bases of 2nd, 3rd & 4th metatarsals
Action: Plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Abductor Hallucis?
Proximal: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis
Distal: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: Abducts & flexes 1st digit (great toe, hallux)
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis?
Proximal: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
Distal: Both sides of Middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Action: Flexes lateral 4 digits
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Abductor Digiti Minimi?
Proximal: Medial & lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
Distal: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action: Abducts & flexes little toe (5th digit)
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Quadratus plantae?
Proximal: Medial surface & lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
Distal: Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor Digitorum Longus
Action: assists flexor Digitorum Longus in flexing lateral 4 digits
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Lumbricals?
Proximal: Tendon of flexor Digitorum Longus
Distal: Medial aspect of expansion over lateral 4 digits
Action: Flex proximal phalanges, extend Middle & distal phalanges of lateral four digits
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis?
Proximal: Plantar surfaces of cuboid & lateral cuneiforms
Distal: Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Adductor Hallucis?
Proximal
Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4
Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints
Distal: tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: Traditionally said to adduct 1st digit; assists in transverse arch of foot by metatarsals medially
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis?
Proximal: Base of 5th metatarsal
Distal: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Plantar interossei?
Proximal: Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
Distal: Medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3-5 digits
Action: Adduct digits (2-4) & flex metatarsophalangeal joints
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Dorsal interossei?
Proximal: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
Distal
1st: Medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
2-4th: Lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
Action: Abduct digits (2-4) & flex metatarsophalangeal joints
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis?
Proximal: Calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus); interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; stem of inferior extensor retinaculum.
Distal: long extensor tendons of four medial digits (toes 2-4)
Action: aids the extensor Digitorum Longus in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis?
Proximal: In common with extensor digitorum Brevis
Distal: Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe (digit 1)
Action: AIDS the extensor hallucis Longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
What is the Proximal and Distal Attachment & Action of the Pectineus?
Proximal: Superior Ramos of pubis
Distal: Pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter
Action: Adducts & Flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh
