Muscles and Movements

Question 1

Pectoralis major

Answer 1

1 - Flexion: Raises the arm forward to shoulder level.
2 - Adduction: Brings the arm back towards the body’s midline.
3 - Horizontal Adduction: Moves the arm across the body in the horizontal plane.
4 - Internal Medial Rotation: Rotates the arm inward at the shoulder.
5 - Anteversion (broadly): Moves the arm forward, contributing to forward shoulder movement.

Question 2

Anterior Deltoids

Answer 2

1 - Flexion: Raises the arm forward to above the head.
2 - Horizontal Adduction: Moves the arm across the front of the body.
3 - Internal Medial Rotation: Assists in rotating the arm inward at the shoulder.
4 - Anteversion: Moves the arm forward, aligning with the action of arm raising in front of the body.

Question 3

triceps brachii

Answer 3

1 - Extension: Straightens the arm at the elbow.
2 - Adduction: Assists in bringing the arm back towards the body’s midline.
3 - Retroversion (broadly): Moves the arm backward, contributing to backward shoulder movement.

Question 4

Middle trapezius

Answer 4

1 - Retraction: Pulls the shoulder blades toward the spine.
2 - Elevation: Assists in lifting the shoulder blades upward.
3 - Depression: Assists in pulling the shoulder blades downward.

Question 5

rhomboids

Answer 5

1 - Retraction: Pulls the shoulder blades toward the spine.
2 - Elevation: Assists in lifting the shoulder blades upward.
3 - Depression: Assists in pulling the shoulder blades downward.
4. Downward rotation:

Question 6

latissimus dorsi

Answer 6

1 - Extension: Moves the arm backward and down towards the body.
2 - Adduction: Brings the arm towards the side of the body from an elevated position.
3 - Internal Medial Rotation: Rotates the arm inward at the shoulder.
4 - Horizontal Adduction: Assists in moving the arm from a position out to the side towards the body in a horizontal plane.

Question 7

biceps brachii

Answer 7

1 - Flexion: Bends the arm at the elbow.
2 - Supination: Rotates the forearm so the palm faces up.
3 - Anteflexion: Raises the arm forward to shoulder level (conceptually, as part of flexion at the shoulder).

Question 8

lower trapezius

Answer 8

1 - Depression: Pulls the shoulder blades downward.
2 - Retraction: Pulls the shoulder blades toward the spine.
3 - Upward Rotation: Assists in turning the shoulder blades to raise the arms overhead.

Question 9

Erector spinae

Answer 9

1 - Extension: Straightens and extends the spine.
2 - Lateral Flexion: Bends the spine to the side.
3 - Anteversion: Tilts the pelvis forward, indirectly contributing by extending the lumbar spine.

Question 10

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 10

1 - Extension: Moves the thigh backward, as in standing up from a squat.
2 - External Medial Rotation: Rotates the leg outward at the hip.
3 - Posterior Tilt: Tilts the pelvis backward at the hip joint.

Question 11

Gluteus Medius

Answer 11

1 - Abduction: Moves the leg away from the body’s midline, as in a side leg lift.
2 - Internal Medial Rotation: Rotates the leg inward at the hip when the hip is flexed.
3 - Anterior Pelvic Tilt: Assists in tilting the pelvis forward when the hip is flexed (less common action).

Question 12

Gluteus Minimus

Answer 12

1 - Abduction: Moves the leg away from the body’s midline, similar to the Gluteus Medius.
2 - Internal Medial Rotation: Rotates the leg inward at the hip, similar to the Gluteus Medius.
3 - Stabilizes the hip: Helps to stabilize the pelvis on the leg when standing on one leg.

Question 13

Biceps Femoris

Answer 13

1 - Knee Flexion: Bends the knee, as in pulling the heel towards the buttocks.
2 - Hip Extension: Moves the thigh backward, as in starting to run.
3 - External Medial Rotation: Rotates the leg outward at the hip when the knee is flexed.

Question 14

Semitendinosus

Answer 14

1 - Knee Flexion: Bends the knee, similar to the Biceps Femoris.
2 - Hip Extension: Moves the thigh backward.
3 - Internal Medial Rotation: Rotates the leg inward at the hip when the knee is flexed.

Question 15

Semimembranosus

Answer 15

1 - Knee Flexion: Bends the knee, like the other hamstring muscles.
2 - Hip Extension: Moves the thigh backward.
3 - Internal Medial Rotation: Rotates the leg inward at the hip when the knee is flexed.

Question 16

Middle (Lateral) Deltoid

Answer 16

1 - Shoulder Abduction: Raises the arm to the side up to shoulder level or higher.
2 - Upward Rotation: Assists in rotating the arm bone outward as the arm lifts to the side.

Question 17

Posterior Deltoid

Answer 17

1 - Shoulder Extension: Moves the arm backward, as in pulling back.
2 - External Medial Rotation: Rotates the arm outward at the shoulder.
3 - Horizontal Abduction: Moves the arm away from the midline in the horizontal plane, as in opening the arms wide.

Question 18

Rectus Femoris

Answer 18

1 - Knee Extension: Straightens the leg at the knee.
2 - Hip Flexion: Raises the thigh/leg forward.

Question 19

Vastus Lateralis

Answer 19

1 - Knee Extension: Straightens the leg at the knee.

Question 20

Vastus Intermedius

Answer 20

1 - Knee Extension: Straightens the leg at the knee.

Question 21

Rectus Abdominis

Answer 21

1 - Spinal Flexion: Bends the spine forward, as in a crunch.
2 - Pelvic Tilt: Tilts the pelvis posteriorly when the pelvis is fixed.

Question 22

External Obliques

Answer 22

1 - Lateral Flexion: Bends the spine to the side.
2 - Rotation: Rotates the spine to the opposite side.
3 - Spinal Flexion: Assists in bending the spine forward.

Question 23

Internal Obliques

Answer 23

1 - Lateral Flexion: Bends the spine to the same side.
2 - Rotation: Rotates the spine to the same side.
3 - Spinal Flexion: Assists in bending the spine forward.

Question 24

Transversus Abdominis

Answer 24

1 - Compression of the Abdomen: Increases intra-abdominal pressure, stabilizing the core and spine.

Question 25

Erector Spinae

Answer 25

1 - Spinal Extension: Straightens and extends the spine upward.
2 - Lateral Flexion: Bends the spine to the side.
3 - Anteversion: Indirectly involved by maintaining an upright or extended posture of the spine.

Question 26

Serratus Anterior

Answer 26

1 - Protraction: Moves the shoulder blades forward around the rib cage, as in pushing movements.
2 - Upward Rotation: Assists in rotating the shoulder blades upward, enabling the arms to raise overhead.
3 - Holds the scapula against the thoracic wall: Stabilizes the shoulder blades during arm movements.