Muscles and Movement Flashcards
1
Q
Classify muscle and differentiate the muscle types
A
- Cardiac – striated and confined to the heart. Have the ability to contract in the absence of a nerve supply but normally are influenced by the autonomic nerve fibres that supply them
- Skeletal – striated voluntary muscles, and rely on innervation from somatomotor neurons
- Smooth – non-striated found in viscera and are under autonomic control
2
Q
List the connective tissues associated with muscle and their locations
A
- Tendon – attach muscle to bone or muscle to muscle
- Epimysium – covers outer surface of muscle
- Perimysium – surrounds the fascicles (groups of muscle fibres)
- Endomysium - surrounds the individual muscle fibres
3
Q
Define the terminologies used to describe muscle morphologies
Eg. Parallel, fusiform etc
A
- Parallel – long fibres which run parallel to one another and have no focus point to line of pull *rectus abdominis
- Fusiform – fat bellies with long fibres tapered at each end *biceps brachii
- Convergent – fan shaped. Spread out on proximal attachment and focus the pull more *pectoralis major
- Unipennate – long tendon through the muscle to which short muscle fibres attach. More power *flexor pollicis longus
- Bipennate – same structure as unipennate but muscle fibres are attached to both side of tendon *rectus femoris
- Multipennate – same but with central tendon branching into two or more tendons and muscle fibres attaching to all *deltoid
- Circular – arranged circularly with no attachment *sphincters
4
Q
Define the terminologies used to describe muscle size
Think bellies and heads
A
- Single/two/multi bellied: if a muscle has only one head but one or more intermediate tendons, will be two or multi-bellied (rectus abdominis only)
- Uni/bi/tri/quadriceps: if a muscle has multiple origins (or ‘heads’)
5
Q
Define the terminologies used to describe tendon morphologies
Eg. Cylindrical, Linear etc
A
- Cylindrical – attach to a distinct point on bone
- Linear – attach along a crest/ridge of bone
- Intermediate – lie between muscle bellies and anchored around bone or fascia
- Raphe – tendons woven together to make a seam if they lack bone to attach to (eg in midline)
- Aponeuroses – broad flat tendon found in places where tendons are compressed
6
Q
Give examples of muscles as levers
A
- 1st class: fulcrum is in the middle with effort and load on opposite sides (neck muscles pull down on the back of the skull to lift face upwards)
- 2nd class: fulcrum is on one end, with the load and effort on the same side (load closest to fulcrum) (heel raise – fulcrum is ball of foot, load is weight of body and effort is calf muscle)
- 3rd class: same as 2nd but load is further from fulcrum bicep curl – elbow joint is fulcrum, hand carries load and effort is biceps muscle
7
Q
Define the term ‘motor unit’
A
- A single neuron and the small grouping of muscle fibres it innervates
8
Q
What are the terms used for different types of contraction?
A
- Concentric: shorten
- Eccentric: lengthen
- Isometric: maintain original length
- Isotonic: maintain original tone
9
Q
Explain the terms ‘prime mover’ and ‘antagonist’
A
- Prime mover: the muscle(s) which actively contract to produce a desired movement
- Antagonist: oppose the action of the prime mover and relax whilst they contract to produce smooth movement
10
Q
Explain the terms ‘synergist’ and ‘fixator’
A
- Synergist: has action similar to the agonist and so increases the efficiency of that muscle
- Fixator: steadies the proximal part of a limb while movements are occurring more distally
11
Q
List the parts of a skeletal muscle
A
- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium
- Muscle fibres
- Myofibrils
- Actin and myosin
12
Q
Define the classification of muscle fibre types
A
- Type I: slow twitch, high resistance to fatigue (aerobic)
- Type II: fast twitch, can be broken into Type IIa (moderate resistance to fatigue, long term anaerobic) and IIb (low resistance to fatigue, short term anaerobic)
