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Dysphagia > Muscles and Innervations > Flashcards

Muscles and Innervations Flashcards

1
Q

How many muscles of mastication are there?

A

4

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2
Q

List the four muscles of mastication.

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral and Medial Pterygoid

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3
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

The trigeminal nerve (V)

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4
Q

Which facial muscles are important for swallowing efficiency?

A

Buccinator (cheek muscles),

Orbicularis oris (labio-seal for pressure)

Upper Lip:
Levator labii superiorous (above the lips), zygomaticus major and minor (elevation of upper lip),

Lower Lip:
depressor labii inferiorous (below the lips for depressing the lower lip), depressor anguli oris

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5
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the facial muscles?

A

The Facial Nerve (VII)

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6
Q

What are the two most important muscles of the palate?

A

The tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini

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7
Q

What are the five palatal muscles discussed in class?

A

Tensor Veli Palatini
Levator Veli Palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae

Palatoglossus (Often grouped with tongue muscles)

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8
Q

What are the four suprahyoid muscles?

A

Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid

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9
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles responsible for?

A

Elevating the hyoid and moving it anteriorly to protect the airway as the epiglottis closes. (Also depression of the mandible.)

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10
Q

Are the trigeminal and facial nerves motor, sensory, or both?

A

Both!

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the palatal muslces?

A

Involved in velopharyngeal closure

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12
Q

What is the innervation of the palatal muscles?

A

Tensor veli palatini - Trigeminal (V)

Levator Veli Palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
- Innervated by Pharyngoplexus: a combination of 3 nerves:
IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), and some fibers from XI (Acessory Nerve)

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13
Q

What is the only palatal muscle innervted by the trigeminal nerve?

A

Tensor veli Palatini

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the muscles of the palate?

A

Velopharyngeal closure to ensure proper transit of the bolus.

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15
Q

What is the tongue used for in swallowing?

A

Creation of the bolus in oral prep and oral transit.

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16
Q

How many tongue muscles are there?

A

4

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17
Q

List the tongue muscles (4)

A

Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the tongue muscles?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus innervates the Palatoglossus

Hypoglossal Nerve innervates:
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus

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19
Q

What are the muscles of the hyoid elevation?

A

Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid

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20
Q

How many muscles are there for hyoid elevation?

A

4

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21
Q

In Dr. B’s opinion, which muscle of hyoid elevation is the most imporant and why?

A

The Geniohyoid, because it is the only muslce that is invovled in both the superior and anterior movement of the hyoid bone.

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22
Q

What is the innervation for the muscles of hyoid elevation?

A

Geniohyoid - Cervical Nerve

Mylohyoid & Digastric - Trigeminal Nerve (X)

Stylohyoid - Facial Nerve (VII)

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23
Q

What is another name of the muscles of hyoid elevation? What does this mean?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx, meaning that either the origin or insertion of the muscles must be within the laryngeal structure and either the origin or insertion must be outside the laryngeal structure.

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24
Q

What is the purpose (2) of the hyoid excursion?

A

For the vestibular squeeze (airway protection)

Opening of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter

25
Q

What is another name for the Upper Esophageal Sphincter?

A

Cricopharygeus

26
Q

Do motor neurons ascend or descend?

A

Descend

Sensory Nerves Ascend to the brain with information

27
Q

When a motor neuron descends to the level of the spinal cord, what is it called?

A

A Corticospinal Nerve

28
Q

When a motor neuron descends to the level of the brainstem and no further, what is it called?

A

A Corticobulbar Nerve

29
Q

The upper/lower motor neuron is the neuron that extends distally from the spinal nerve.

A

Lower Motor Neuron

30
Q

The LMNs of the Corticobulbar nerves are also known by what name?

A

cranial nerves!

31
Q

What is another way to call an LMN in the Corticospinal tract?

A

Spinal Nerve

32
Q

A LMN lesion results in flaccidity or spasticity?

A

Flaccidity

33
Q

What kind of nerve lesion results in spasticity?

A

a Bilateral UMN lesion

34
Q

How many locations of lesions can there be on a nerve? List them.

A 
4
Myopathy - on the muscle
Myo-Neural Junction Disease
Neuropathy - on the nerve
Motor Neuron Disease
35
Q

What are the five CN involved in swallowing?

A 
V - Trigeminal 
VII - Facial 
IX - Glossopharyngeal 
X - Vagus 
XII - Hypoglossal
36
Q

Is the Trigeminal Nerve (V) motor or sensory or Mixed?

A

Mixed

37
Q

Is the Facial Nerve (VII) motor or sensory or Mixed?

A

Mixed

38
Q

Is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) motor or sensory or Mixed?

A

Mixed

39
Q

Is the Vagus nerve (X) motor or sensory or Mixed?

A

Mixed

40
Q

Is the Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) motor or sensory or mixed?

A

Motor

41
Q

Which CN innervates the Faucial arches that trigger a swallow?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

42
Q

Which two nuclei for the Central Pattern Generator for swallowing?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius [Sensory]

Nucleus Ambiguous [Motor]

43
Q

Where are the 2 nuclei for the Central Pattern Generator for swallowing located?

A

In the brainstem

So, a brainstem lesion is going to have a more severe form of dysphagia.

44
Q

Which nucleus is responsible for sensory information?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

45
Q

Which nucleus is responsible for motor information?

A

Nucleus Ambiguous

46
Q

After the bolus reaches the faucial arches, where does the information go first? Second?

A
  1. The Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

2. Sensory Strip (Post-Central Gyrus)

47
Q

After the sensory information reaches the sensory strip, where do the signals go next? Then?

A
  1. To the pre-central gyrus (motor strip)

2. To the Nucleus Ambiguous

48
Q

What are the motor functions of the trigeminal (V) nerve?

A

Mastication
Tensor Veli Palatini
Mylohyoid
Digastric Muscles

49
Q

What are the motor functions of the facial (VII) nerve?

A

Facial muscles for labio-seal

Stylohyoid

50
Q

What are the motor functions of the Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?

A

3 Muscles of the Velum through the pharyngeal plexus.

51
Q

What are the motor functions of the Vagus (X) nerve?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus,
movement of the VFs,
movement of the pharyngeal constrictors

52
Q

What is the pharyngeal Plexus?

A

a network of nerve fibers innervating most of the palate and pharynx. Combination of the Vagus, Glossopharyngeal, and Spinal Accessory Nerve.

53
Q

What are the motor functions of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve?

A

Muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

54
Q

What are the sensory functions of the trigeminal (V) nerve?

A

General sensation in the anterior tongue (anything but the taste!) Pain, heat, etc.

55
Q

What are the sensory functions of the facial (VII) nerve?

A

Taste functions for the anterior aspects of the tongue (Chorda Tympani).

56
Q

What are the sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?

A

Taste and general sensation in the posterior aspects of the tongue/palate

57
Q

What are the sensory functions of the Vagus (X) nerve?

A

The sensation of the larynx through the internal branch of the SLN (superior laryngeal nerve)

58
Q

What are the sensory functions of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve?

A

None. It is motor only.

59
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the gag reflex?

A

glossopharyngeal

Dysphagia (17 decks)

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