muscles and external anatomy

Question 1

what are the fins in a dogfish

Answer 1

two dorsal, one pair of pectoral, one pair of pelvic, and a caudal fin that forms the heterocercal tail

Question 2

word for nostrils on dogfish

Answer 2

nares

Question 3

what do the nares allow for in a dogfish

Answer 3

allow water to flow over the olfactory sac to allow for the dogfish to smell odors in the water

Question 4

how does water enter the dogfish

Answer 4

through the mouth and the spiracle

Question 5

what are the ampullae of lorenzini in the dogfish

Answer 5

fluid filled pits that sense both the depth (pressure) and low level electric stimuli (dark pin holes in the skin)

Question 6

what does the lateral line in the dogfish do

Answer 6

sense vibrations and movements in the water

Question 7

what is the cloaca in the dogfish

Answer 7

chamber between the pelvic fins. receives feces and urine as well as the products of the reproductive systems.

Question 8

what is the opening of the cloaca in dogfish

Answer 8

cloacal vent

Question 9

what is dioecious

Answer 9

testes and sperm are males, ovaries and eggs are female. this doesnt change over their lifetime

Question 10

what are claspers in the dogfish

Answer 10

found on male dogfish. male will insert them into the females.

Question 11

what is the auditory meatus in the pigeon

Answer 11

part of the external ear that is covered by feathers

Question 12

what is the uropygium on the pigeon

Answer 12

tail feathers project out of the uropygium, most posterior part of the body

Question 13

what is on the ventral side of the uropygium in the pigeon

Answer 13

cloaca

Question 14

what does the uropygial gland do on the pigeon

Answer 14

secretes oil, looks like bump with opening

Question 15

what does the double pouch on the rat hold

Answer 15

pouch is called the scrotum, it contains the testes

Question 16

in female rats what do they have under the lines of nipples

Answer 16

mammary gland

Question 17

smooth muscle

Answer 17

usually develops from splanchnic hypomere mesoderm or embryonic mesenchyme.
forms visceral or involuntary muscles of structures like blood vessles and the gut.
smooth muscle has single nucleus, and are not striated.

Question 18

skeletal muscle

Answer 18

sometimes called striated muscle. 
striped appearance. 
derived from myotome epimere mesoderm. 
usually voluntary muscle 
cells have many nuclei, are long, cylindrical, and unbranched

Question 19

cardiac muscle

Answer 19

only found in the heart.
derived from splanchnic hypomere mesoderm
striated, each cell has one nucleus, cells are branched
are linked by intercalated discs

Question 20

abductors

Answer 20

move away from ventral line of body

Question 21

adductors

Answer 21

move towards ventral midline of body

Question 22

flexors

Answer 22

reduces the angle between two body parts

Question 23

extensors

Answer 23

increase angle btwn two body parts

Question 24

protractors

Answer 24

move limb forward (toward anterior)

Question 25

retractor

Answer 25

move limb backward (towards posterior)

Question 26

levators

Answer 26

raise a body part

Question 27

depressor

Answer 27

lowers body part

Question 28

points of attachment for muscle

Answer 28

orgin (fixed structure) | insertion (relatively mobile)

Question 29

how do muscles attach to site of insertion on bone or cartiledge

Answer 29

tendons

Question 30

what do liagments connect

Answer 30

bone and bone

Question 31

where do the muscles of the skeleton develop from

Answer 31

myotomes

Question 32

in the head region somites are reduced and may not be segmented, what is this called

Answer 32

somitomeres

Question 33

what do somitomeres give rise to

Answer 33

``` branchiomeric muscles (attach to pharyngeal arches of splanchnocranium) extrinsic muscles of the eye ```

Question 34

group of muscles that supply the jaw

Answer 34

hypobranchial muscles

Question 35

where do axial muscles of trunk arise from

Answer 35

myotomes of the somites of the trunk region. form skeletal muscles of trunk and tail

Question 36

division of axial muscles in gnathostomes

Answer 36

divided by horizontal septum | divided into dorsal epaxial and ventral hypaxial muscles

Question 37

where do appendicular muscles arise from

Answer 37

myotomes of the somites of the trunk region

Question 38

what is the orgin of the eye muscles

Answer 38

cartilagenous wall of orbit

Question 39

insertion of eye muscles

Answer 39

eyeball

Question 40

division of muscles of eye

Answer 40

oblique muscles and rectus muscles

Question 41

two oblique muscles

Answer 41

superior oblique | inferior oblique

Question 42

four rectus muscles

Answer 42

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus

Question 43

jaw muscles associated with _______

Answer 43

first pharyngeal arch

Question 44

adductor mandibulae

Answer 44

large muscle below spiracle, closes mouth

Question 45

intermandibularis muscles

Answer 45

on ventral surface, originates on meckles cartiledge and inserts on central raphe. elevates the floor of mouth for swallowing

Question 46

hypobranchial muscles

Answer 46

form the throat and jaw

Question 47

coracoarcual muscles

Answer 47

ventral to the gills, attached to coracoid bar of the pectoral girdle. opens the mouth

Question 48

what separates the myomeres

Answer 48

myosepta

Question 49

epaxial muscles

Answer 49

dorsal to horizontal septum and hypaxial muscles are ventral to it

Question 50

ventral hypaxial muscles meet at midline forming a raphe called _____

Answer 50

linea alba

Question 51

muscles at base of pectoral fin

Answer 51

pectoral abductor and pectoral adductor

Question 52

mylohyoideus

Answer 52

wraps from ventral part of neck over hyoid process

Question 53

temporalis muscle

Answer 53

lateral to the eye

Question 54

muscles of the wing

Answer 54

biceps brachii, triceps brachii, latissiums dorsi

Question 55

what large muscle adducts the wing

Answer 55

pectoralis

Question 56

what muscle abducts the wing

Answer 56

supracoracoideus

Question 57

digastric muscles

Answer 57

depressing the lower jaw

Question 58

sternohyoid

Answer 58

originates the sternum and inserts on the hyoid bone. lies on top of larynx

Question 59

muscle layers of hypaxial muscles (outside to inside)

Answer 59

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

Question 60

latissimus dorsi

Answer 60

originates from thoracic vertebrae, inserts to humerous

Question 61

triceps brachii

Answer 61

3 muscles originating on the scapula or humerous and inserts on the olecranon process of the ulna to the forearm

Question 62

biceps brachii

Answer 62

located on anterior of forearm

Question 63

pectoralis

Answer 63

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