Muscles and Bones Flashcards
Breathing
The movement of muscles that allows us to take in and excrete gases.
Respiration
Process by which oxygen is used to release energy- produces carbon dioxide.
Gas Exchange
One gas is exchanged for another- oxygen goes into the blood, carbon dioxide leaves the blood.
Gas Exchange System
The organs that help with breathing / gas exchange- lungs, trachea, diaphragm
Muscle Cell Adaptations
Can change shape- contract (become short and fat) and relax (back to original shape)
Inhale
Breathing in
Exhale
Breathing out
Inhalation
The muscles in the diaphragm contract, moving it downwards. Muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the ribs up and out. Lungs increase in size allowing air to flow in.
Exhalation
The muscles in the diaphragm relax so it rises. Muscles between the ribs relax, moving the ribs down and in. Lungs decrease in size pushing air out.
Ventilation
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
Breathing Rate
Number of times you inhale and exhale in one minute.
Pulse
The feeling of the heart beating that can be felt.
Pulse Rate
The number of pulse beats you feel in a minute.
How the Heart Pumps Blood
Chambers fill with blood and muscle tissue contracts pumping the blood out.
Blood Vessels
A tube that carries blood around the body.
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to capillaries.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels connecting arteries & veins.
Veins
Carry blood from capillaries towards heart.
Plasma
Main part of blood- the liquid part.
Red Blood Cells
Carry oxygen in the blood- haemoglobin in cells carries the oxygen.
Red Blood Cell Adaptations
No nucleus (more room for haemoglobin). Curved shape increases surface area to take in oxygen quickly.
White Blood Cells
Fight infections and keep us healthy.
Bone Marrow
Where red and white blood cells are made.
Bone Structure
Spongy bone material keeps bones light. Compact bone material is hard and strong. Bone marrow inside bone reduces mass of bone.
Skeleton
Formed by the bones in the body- allows for support, protection and movement.
Backbone
Made up of smaller vertebrae- the bodies main support.
Skull
Made up of 22 bones- protects the brain.
Tendons
Connects muscle to bones.
Ligaments
Connects bones together.
Cartilage
Slippery tissue on the ends of bones.
Flexible Joint
Two or more bones meeting that can be moved.
Locomotor System
The system that allows you to move parts of the body- muscles and bones.
Biomechanics
The study of how muscles and bones work together.
Movement
Muscles contract and pulls on bone it is attached to.
Antagonistic Pairs
Pairs of muscles that allow bones to move in two different directions.
Impulses
Messages sent from brain that tell muscles to contract.
Mitochondria
Where respiration happens in cells producing energy.
Drug
Substances which changes the way the body works.
Medicine
Drugs used to help people with illness/injury.
Side-Effects
Harmful / unpleasant effects of using drugs.
Addictive
Feeling of not being able to cope without the drug.
Recreational Drugs
Drugs taken for pleasure- caffeine nicotine and alcohol are legal recreational drugs.
Cannabis
Can cause memory loss and mental illness.
Ecstasy
Can cause mental illness, kidney damage and death.
Cocaine
Addictive and blocks arteries.
Heroin
Addictive, collapses veins, causes vomiting & headaches
Reaction Time
The time taken to respond to a stimulus.
Stimulants
Decrease your reaction time- impulse carried faster.
e.g. caffeine
Depressants
Increase your reaction time- impulses carried slower.
e.g. alcohol
