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Origins of Animal Organ Systems > Muscles and Animal Movement > Flashcards

Muscles and Animal Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms have muscles?

A

All phyla above porifera

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2
Q

By what is muscle performance governed?

A

Speed of response and efficiency in in converting chemical energy to mechanical energy.

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3
Q

What are the three types of of vertebrate muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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4
Q

What does muscle tissue contain?

A

Cells for contraction and force generation.

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5
Q

what is the highest frequency of vertebrate locomotor muscles?

A

25-30Hz

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6
Q

How much of the human is muscle?

A

Around 50%

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7
Q

How much of the human body is skeletal muscle for males and females respectively?

A

40% and 32%

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8
Q

What percentage of fish total bodyweight is muscle?

A

Around 20-50% normally but 55-65% for Barracudas.

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9
Q

How is skeletal muscle categorised?

A

Striated and voluntary.

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10
Q

How is cardiac muscle categorised?

A

Striated and involuntary.

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11
Q

How is smooth muscle categorised?

A

Unstriated and involuntary.

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12
Q

How big are skeletal muscle cells?

A

10-100 um in diameter and 75 cm in length.

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13
Q

Why do skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei?

A

From the fusing of myoblasts in development.

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14
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Specialised contractile elements that extend the entire length of the muscle fibre.

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15
Q

What do myofibrils consist of?

A

Thick and thin filaments

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16
Q

Of what are thick filaments made?

A

Assemblies of myosin

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17
Q

Of what are thin filaments comprised?

A

Actin

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18
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

The smallest part of the muscle that can contract.

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19
Q

Of what do sarcomeres consist?

A

One A band and two I bands.

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20
Q

What are muscles?

A

Groups of muscle fibres bundled by connective tissue often attached to skeletal elements in antagonistic pairs.

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21
Q

What are tendons?

A

Areas of vertebrate muscle that have extended beyond the muscle.

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22
Q

What do muscles attach to in arthropods?

A

Apodemes

23
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

A brief, weak contraction of a single muscle fibre.

24
Q

What are the two primary factors that are adjusted to accomplish gradation?

A

The number of muscles contracting and the tension developed by each contracting fibre.

25
Q

What is the number of fibres contracting in vertebrates dependent on?

A

The extent of motor unit recruitment.

26
Q

What is each muscle innervated by?

A

A number of different motor neurons.

27
Q

When do vertebrate motor neurons branch?

A

As they enter the muscle with each axon terminal supplying a single muscle fibre.

28
Q

How many motor neurons are arthropod muscles innervated by?

A

More than one.

29
Q

What is used in submaximal contractions to prevent fatigue?

A

Asynchronous recruitment of motor fibres.

30
Q

What determines the number of muscle fibres contracting?

A

The number of motor units, the number of muscle fibres per motor unit and the number of fibres available to contract.

31
Q

What determines the tension developed by each contracting fibre?

A
  • The frequency of stimulation
  • The length of the fibre at the onset of contraction
  • The extent of fatigue
  • The duration of activity
  • The type of fibre
  • The thickness of the fibre
  • The pattern of neural activity
  • The amount of testosterone
32
Q

What are the roles of skeleton?

A

Structural support, protection and facilitation of movement.

33
Q

What are the three types of eukaryotic cytoskeletal filaments?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

34
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Collagen in skin cells

35
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete?

A

A matrix of cartilage

36
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

To model bone

37
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotic flagellum?

A

They consist of the filament flagellum and have a hook and basal body responsible for motion.

38
Q

How do spirochetes move?

A

The whole cell moves with a corkscrew motion.

39
Q

How do cyanobacteria adjust their buoyancy?

A

By adjusting the amount of gas in their gas ventricles.

40
Q

What are the three modes of locomotion in protists?

A

Amoeboid movement, swimming by means of cilia, swimming by means of flagella.

41
Q

How do ctenophores move?

A

They have eight rows of cilia bearing plates called ctenes that they use to swim.

42
Q

How do acoelomate planarians move?

A

They use beating cilia.

43
Q

What are the three skeletal systems in animals?

A

Hydrostatic, exoskeletal and endoskeletal

44
Q

What constrains the pseudocoelomate body?

A

A flexible but inelastic chitinous cuticle which resists change in volume.

45
Q

What causes the pseudocoelomate body to ben back and forth?

A

Contraction of longitudinal muscles against high hydrostatic pressure.

46
Q

How do coelomate worms move?

A

By extending and shortening sections of the body.

47
Q

What facilitates coelomate movement?

A

Circular and longitudinal muscle layers and segmental compartments.

48
Q

Of what is the arthropod cuticle comprised?

A

A layer of proteins and chitin - a strong waterproof polysaccharide.

49
Q

What does the arthropod cuticle act as?

A

A protective exoskeleton.

50
Q

What are the limitations of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A

It limits growth and demands new mechanisms of gaseous exchange and locomotion.

51
Q

What are muscles attached to in endoskeleton systems?

A

To the inside of the exoskeleton.

52
Q

What did the evolution of the endoskeleton allow?

A

The potential for locomotion.

53
Q

What are the four key features of vertebrates?

A
  • A rigid internal skeleton supported by a vertebral column.
  • An anterior skull with a large brain
  • Internal organs suspended in coelom
  • A well developed circulatory system driven by contractions of a ventral heart
54
Q

What is chitin comprised of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

Origins of Animal Organ Systems (6 decks)

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