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A-Level Biology - Nerves & Muscles > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons are…

They join ___ to ___

A

Tendons are strong, fibrous connective tissue

They join muscle to bone

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2
Q

Ligaments join ___ to ___, in joints especially

A

Ligaments join bone to bone, in joints especially

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3
Q

State three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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4
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

3 points

A

a) Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibres
b) Attached to skeleton
c) Voluntary, we control it

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5
Q

Describe smooth muscle

2 points

A

a) Involuntary, non-striated, uninucleate

b) Lines the walls of internal organs

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6
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

1 long point

A

a) Involuntary, uninucleate, striated, branched, myogenic

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7
Q

In skeletal muscle, where do the nuclei lie?

A

Nuclei lie close to the cell surface

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8
Q

Muscle plasma membrane = ‘_’

A

Sarcolemma

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9
Q

The occasional folds of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell are called…

A

T-tubules (Transverse-tubules)

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10
Q

Muscle cytoplasm = ‘_’

A

Sarcoplasm

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11
Q

Muscle endoplasmic reticulum = ‘_’

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

What is the function of the T(transverse)-tubules

A

To ensure the myofibrils deep into the muscle depolarise, not just the cells on the outside

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13
Q

The thick filaments =

A

Thick = Myosin

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14
Q

The thin filaments =

A

Actin

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15
Q

The dark bands are called the…

A

A-bands

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16
Q

The light bands are called the…

A

I-bands

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17
Q

Describe the A-band

A

A-band = Myosin & some overlapping actin

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18
Q

Describe the I-band

A

I-band = Thin actin filaments only

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19
Q

A myofibril is made up of many short units called ____

A

A myofibril is made up of many short units called sarcomeres

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20
Q

The Z-lines mark…

A

The ends of each sarcomere

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21
Q

The M-line marks…

A

The middle of the myosin fibres (and the middle of each sarcomere)

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22
Q

The H-zone =

A

Only myosin filaments

23
Q

State the three differences of a contracted sarcomere, compared to a relaxed one

A

Contracted =

a) A-bands stay the same length
b) I-band gets shorter
c) H-zones get shorter

24
Q

State the four details about myosin

A

Myosin =

a) Thick myofilament
b) Fibrous
c) Each myosin molecule has a tail to the M-line and a head with two protruding swellings which form the actin-myosin cross bridge
d) The heads contain ATPase

25
Q

State the five details about actin

A

Actin =

a) Thin myofilament
b) Fibrous
c) Globular protein linked together into two chains which twist together to form the filament
d) Tropomyosin twists around the double chain and troponin complexes are attached too
e) Troponin and tropomyosin are ‘accessory pigments’

26
Q

Troponin and tropomyosin are called…

A

Accessory pigments

27
Q

State the 2 points of the sliding filament theory when the muscle is at rest

A

1) In a resting muscle, the actin-myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin
2) The myofilaments can’t slide past each other as the myosin heads can’t bind

28
Q

State the 8 points of the sliding filament theory when the muscle is stimulated

A

1) AP from motor neurone stimulates muscle cell and depolarises the sarcolemma. Depolarisation spreads down the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm
3) Ca2+ ions bind to troponin, causing it to undergo a conformational shape change which pulls the attached tropomyosin out of the actin-myosin binding site on the actin filament
4) This exposes the binding site, allowing the myosin head to bind; creating an actin-myosin cross bridge
5) Ca2+ ions activate ATP hydrolase to provide the energy for muscle contraction
6) This energy released from ATP causes the myosin head to bend; pulling the actin filament along in a rowing action
7) Another ATP molecule provides the energy for the hydrolysis of the actin-myosin cross bridge so the myosin head now detaches
8) The cycle continues so long as Ca2+ ions are present

29
Q

State the 4 points of the sliding filament theory when excitation stops again

A

1) Ca2+ ions leave their binding sites and are moved by active transport back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) Tropomyosin molecules move back; blocking the actin-myosin binding sites again
3) Muscles aren’t contracted because no myosin heads are attached to actin filaments
4) The actin filaments slide back to their relaxed position, which lengthens the sarcomere.

30
Q

State the three main ways of ATP production

A

1) Aerobic respiration
2) Anaerobic respiration
3) ATP-Phosphocreatine (PCr) system

31
Q

Describe the two points of generating ATP from aerobic respiration

A

a) Most ATP is generated via oxidative phosphorylation in the cell’s mitochondria (specifically the inner mitochondrial membrane – cristae)
b) Due to aerobic respiration’s requirement for oxygen, its only good for long periods of low-intensity exercise

32
Q

Describe the four points of generating ATP from anaerobic respiration

A

a) ATP produced rapidly via glycolysis
b) The pyruvate produced by glycolysis can be converted to lactate via the lactate fermentation pathway
c) Lactate causes muscle fatigue
d) Therefore anaerobic respiration is only good for short periods of hard exercise

33
Q

Describe the four points of generating ATP from the ATP-Phosphocreatine (PCr) system

A

a) ATP is produced by phosphorylating ADP. The phosphate group is taken from PCr
b) PCr is stored inside cells and the ATP-PCr system generates ATP very quickly
c) PCr runs out after a few seconds so this system is used for short bursts of vigorous exercise
d) The ATP-PCr system is anaerobic and alactic (doesn’t form any lactate)

34
Q

State the equation for the ATP-PCr system

A

ADP + PCr -> (reversible reaction arrow) -> ATP + Cr (Creatine)

35
Q

State the two types of muscle fibre in skeletal muscle

A

Fast twitch and slow twitch

36
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Contracts slowly

A

Slow twitch

37
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Used for posture e.g. back muscles

A

Slow twitch

38
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Works for long periods of time

A

Slow twitch

39
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Energy released slowly through aerobic respiration. Lots of mitochondria & blood vessels supply the muscles with oxygen

A

Slow twitch

40
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Red in colour due to myoglobin (oxygen)

A

Slow twitch

41
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Smaller store of Ca2+ ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Slow twitch

42
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Small amounts of glycogen

A

Slow twitch

43
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Slower rate of ATP hydrolysis in myosin heads

A

Slow twitch

44
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Good for endurance activities

A

Slow twitch

45
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Contracts quickly

A

Fast twitch

46
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Used for fast movement e.g. eyes

A

Fast twitch

47
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Fatigues quickly

A

Fast twitch

48
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Energy released quickly through anaerobic respiration and the ATP-PCr system. Few mitochondria or blood vessels

A

Fast twitch

49
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

White in colour, not much myoglobin or oxygen

A

Fast twitch

50
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Larger store of calcium ions in sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Fast twitch

51
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Larger amounts of glycogen and phosohocreatine

A

Fast twitch

52
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Faster rate of ATP hydrolysis in myosin heads

A

Fast twitch

53
Q

Slow or fast twitch muscles?

Good for short bursts of speed and power

A

Fast twitch

A-Level Biology - Nerves & Muscles (3 decks)

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