Extra topics - Respiration, control of HR & calibration curves

Question 1

Describe glycolysis

Answer 1

Question 2

State the products of glycolysis

Answer 2

2x Pyruvate

Net gain 2x ATP

2x NADH

Question 3

Describe the link reaction

Answer 3

Question 4

State the products of the link reaction

Answer 4

(Per glucose molecule)

2x Acetyl CoA

2x Co₂

2x NADH

Question 5

Describe the Krebs cycle

Answer 5

Question 6

State the products of the Krebs cycle

Answer 6

(Per cycle)

3x NADH

1x FADH₂

1x ATP

2x CO₂

Question 7

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 7

Question 8

State the two pathways for anaerobic respiration

Answer 8

1) Lactate fermentation pathway (animals)
2) Ethanol fermentation pathway (fungi & plants)

Question 9

Describe the lactate fermentation pathway

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe the ethanol fermentation pathway

Answer 10

Question 11

What part of the brain unconsciously controls the rate at which the SAN fires?

Answer 11

The medulla oblongata

Question 12

Where are baroreceptors located?

Answer 12

In the aorta & carotid arteries (in the neck)

Question 13

Where are chemoreceptors found?

Answer 13

Aorta, carotid arteries & the medulla

Question 14

Which comes first, the AVN or SAN?

Answer 14

SAN, then AVN

Question 15

Someone has high blood pressure, state the following sequence of events

Answer 15

High blood pressure

Baroreceptors detect this

Impulses sent to medulla, parasympathetic neurones, secrete ACh, binds to receptors on the SAN

Effects on cardiac muscles

Heart rate slows down to reduce blood pressure back to normal

Question 16

Someone has low blood pressure, state the following sequence of events

Answer 16

Low blood pressure

Detected by baroreceptors

Impulses sent to medulla, sympathetic neurones, secrete noradrenaline, binds to receptors on SAN

Effector = cardiac muscles

Heart rate increases to increase blood pressure

Question 17

Someone has high blood O₂, low CO₂, or high pH levels, state the following sequence of events

Answer 17

High blood O₂, low CO₂, or high pH levels

Chemoreceptors detect the changes

Impulses sent to the medulla, parasympathetic neurones, secretes ACh, binds to receptors on the AVN

Effector = cardiac muscles

Heart rate decreases, returns to normal

Question 18

Someone has low blood O₂, high CO₂ or low pH levels, state the following sequence of events

Answer 18

Low blood O₂, high CO₂ or low pH levels

Chemoreceptors detect the changes

Impulses sent to the medulla, parasympathetic neurones, secretes ACh, binds to receptors on the AVN

Effector = cardiac muscles

Heart rate decreases, returns to normal

Question 19

State the axis of a calibration curve

Answer 19

X = Concentration of sucrose solution (M)

Y = % change in mass

Question 20

Potato chips will ____ mass in solutions with a high water potential

Answer 20

Potato chips will GAIN mass in solutions with a high water potential

Question 21

Potato chips will ____ mass in solutions with a low water potential

Answer 21

Potato chips will LOOSE mass in solutions with a low water potential

Question 22

What point on a calibration curve shows where the water potential of the sucrose solution = the water potential of the potato cells?

Answer 22

Where the line crosses the X-axis