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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Set of metabolic reactions that convert food into energy

  • aerobic respiration
  • anaerobic fermentation
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2
Q

Anaerobic fermentation

A
  • production of ATP without O2
  • ATP produced by glycolysis only
  • one-step reaction
  • pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid
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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • presence of O2
  • most ATP production
  • matrix reactions (enzymes in the matrix of the mitochondria) membrane reactions (enzymes bound to cristae)
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4
Q

Functions of muscles

A 
Movement
Stability
Control of openings/passageways
Heat production
Glycemic control
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5
Q

Excitability

A

Reaction to chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across plasma membrane

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6
Q

Conductivity

A

Local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

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7
Q

Contractility

A

Shortens when stimulated

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8
Q

Extensibility

A

Capable of being stretched between contractions

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9
Q

Elasticity

A

Returns to original resting length after being stretched

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10
Q

Tendon

A

Attachment between muscle and bone matrix

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11
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue that compartmentalizes muscles

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12
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue around entire muscle

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13
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue around muscle fascicles

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14
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue around muscle fibers

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15
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

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16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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17
Q

Triad

A

Two terminal cisternae transverse tubule

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18
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores and releases Ca+ for muscle contraction

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19
Q

Transverse tubule

A

Conduct nerve impulses from sarcolemma to the interior of the cell

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20
Q

Z disc

A

Attaches the thin and elastic filaments

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21
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber

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22
Q

I band

A

Contains thin filaments

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23
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament

24
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

25
Q

Titin

A

Elastic filament

26
Q

A band

A

Contains both thick and thin filaments

27
Q

M line

A

Contains only thick filaments

28
Q

H band

A

Contains only thick filaments

29
Q

Motor unit

A

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

Average motor unit contains 200 muscle fibers for each motor unit

30
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Point where a nerve fiber meets the muscle fiber

31
Q

Excitation

A

Process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials

32
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments thereby preparing them to contract

33
Q

Contraction

A

Step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

34
Q

Relaxation

A

When its work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length

35
Q

Process of excitation

A
  1. Arrival of an action potential
  2. Release of ACh
  3. Binding of ACh to the receptors
  4. Opening of ligand-gated ion channels and creation of EPP
  5. Opening of voltage-gated ion channels and creation of a action Potential
36
Q

Process of excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. Action potentials spreading over sarcolemma reach and enter the T tubules
  2. Voltage-gated channels open in the T tubule causing calcium gates to open in the SR
  3. Calcium released by SR binds to troponin
  4. Troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes active sites on action
37
Q

Process of contraction

A
  1. Myosin ATPase in myosin rad hydrolyzes an ATP molecule, activating the head and “cocking” it in an extended position. It binds to an active site on the actin
  2. Myosin releases the ADP and P and flexes into a bent position, tugging the thin filaments along with it
38
Q

Process of relaxation

A
  1. Nerve stimulation ceases and ACh release stops
  2. AChE breaks down ACh and fragments reabsorbed into synaptic knob stopping simulation
  3. Active transport Ca2+ back into SR where it binds to Calsequestrin
  4. Loss of Ca2+ from sarcoplasm results in troponin-tropomyosin complex
  5. Muscle fiber returns to its resting length
39
Q

Rigor mortis

A

Hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3-4 hours after death.
Muscle relaxation requires ATP and ATP is no longer produced after death.
Fibers remain contracted until myofilaments begin to decay.

40
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction.

41
Q

Twitch

A

A quick cycle of contraction when a stimulus is at threshold or higher.
Single cycle contraction/relaxation
Must be added together to do work

42
Q

Isometric

A

Contraction without a change in length

43
Q

Isotonic

A

Contraction without change in length but no change in tension

44
Q

Latent period

A

2 millisecond delay between the onset of the signal and the onset of the twitch.

45
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Heavy breathing after strenuous exercise to replenish O2 reserves depleted during exercise, replenishing phosphagen system, oxidize lactic acid, and serve elevated metabolic rate.

46
Q

Slow oxidative

A

Slow-twitch, red or type I fibers

  • long slow twitches
  • abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries giving it a deep red color
  • adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance
47
Q

Fast glycolytic

A

Fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers

  • well adapted for quick responses, but not for fatigue resistance
  • rich in enzymes of phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems generate lactic acid, causing fatigue.
  • less mitochondria, myoglobin,and blood capillaries which gives pale appearance.
48
Q

Resistance training

A

Contraction of a muscle against a load that resists movement.
Growth from cellular enlargement
Muscle fibers synthesize more myofilaments and myofibrils and grow thicker

49
Q

Endurance training

A

Improves fatigue-resistant muscles
Improves skeletal strength
Increases red blood cell count and O2 transport capacity of the blood
Slow twitch fibers produce more mitochondria, glycogen, and acquire a greater density of blood capillaries

50
Q

Cross training

A

Incorporates endurance and resistance exercise
Necessary for optimal performance
Resistance exercise does not increase fatigue resistance
Endurance exercise does not increase strength

51
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy releasing decomposing reactions
Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
AB->A+B
Exergonic reactions

52
Q

Anabolism

A

Energy storing synthesis reaction
Combine two or more small molecules to make something larger
A+B->AB
Endergonic reaction

53
Q

Oxidation

A

Substance loses electrons

54
Q

Reduction

A

Substance gains electrons

55
Q

Coenzymes

A
  • Crucial to these reactions
  • Enzymes removing electrons from intermediates and transfers them to coenzymes
  • Temporary carriers of extracted energy
  • NAD+and FAD
56
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • series of enzymatic steps
  • converts glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
  • net yield of 2ATP
  • requires 2 molecules of NAD+
    • energy extracted from glucose transferred to NAD+
    • becomes 2NADH
  • takes place in cytoplasm

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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