Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the spinal cord

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Neural integration
  3. Locomotion
  4. Reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy of spinal cord

A
  • travels down to L1
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • know location of central canal, gray commisure, dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn, dorsal root ganglion, ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column, gray matter, and white matter.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ascending tract

A
  • goes up the spinal cord
  • sensory information
  • orginates from out in the body
    1. Travels to medulla (decussates here)
    2. Attaches to 2nd neuron receptor
    3. Travels up to the thalamus
    4. Thalamus interprets message and either leaves it there or passes it on to the brain
  • destination is the somatosensory cortex
  • decussates at medulla oblongata
  • synapses at medulla/thalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Descending tract

A
  • motor/muscle contraction
  • orginates from the motor cortex
  • travels down either the anterior or lateral column
  • destination is the muscles
  • 2 neurons
  • decussates at the medulla for the lateral column and the spinal cord for the anterior column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Meninges

A

Fibrous membranes that separate the soft tissue of the Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 3 meninges and the spaces between

A 
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater 
Cerebral spinal fluid
Pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in peripheral nervous system
Surrounded by epineurium
Mixed-both sensory and motor info
Contains blood vessels and Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ventral root

A

The branch of spinal nerve that emerges from the ventral side of the spinal cord that carries motor (efferent) nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dorsal root

A

Emerges from the dorsal side of the spinal cord that carries after end (sensory) nerve fibers.
Contains dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves on cervical section

A

8

C1-C8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves in thoracic section

A

12

T1-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves in lumbar section

A

5

L1-L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves in sacral section

A

5

S1-S5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves in coccygeal section

A

1

C0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define nerve plexus

A

The anterior Rami branch and anastomose merge repeatedly to form 5 nerve plexuses

  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • sacral plexus
  • coccygeal plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Neck
C1-C5
Supplies neck and phrenic nerve to diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Near shoulder
C5-T1
Supplies upper limb and some of shoulder and neck
Median nerve-carpal tunnel syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

Lower back
L1-L4
Supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sacral plexus

A

Pelvis
L4, L5, and S1-S4
Supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coccygeal plexus

A

S4, S5, and C0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Reflexes of the skeletal muscle

Enact the reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reflex arc

A
  1. Somatic receptors
    -in skin, muscles, or tendons
  2. Afferent nerve fibers-spinal cord
    -carry info from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or brain stem
  3. Integrating center-move inter neurons
    -a point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of spinal cord or brain stem. Determines whether efferent neurons issue signals to muscles.
  4. Efferent nerve fibers-body/skeletal muscle
    -carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle
  5. Effectors-skeletal muscle
    -somatic effectors carry out response
    (Receptor>nerve>integrating center>nerve>effector)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A
  • afferent sensory fibers from spinal cord synapse directly to the efferent motor neuron that return to the muscle.
  • only one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons
  • include stretch reflex
  • faster
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A
  • neurons include: afferent sensory neuron, efferent motor neuron, 2 or more inter neurons
  • due to delay of signal, efferent organ receives prolonged output from the spinal cord
  • slower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Decussation/crossing over

A

As fibers pass up or down the brain stem and spinal cord they cross over from left to right and vice versa. Input received from the right side of the body crosses over and reaches the left side of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Carries information for pain, temperature, pressure, tickle, itch, and light touch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus

A
  • gracile fasciculus-upper trunk
  • cuneate fasciculus- loser trunk
  • pain, touch, balance, vibration
  • first order neuron travels up to the medulla
  • second order neuron decussates, travels to the thalamus
  • their order neuron travels to the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Corticospinal tract

A
  • carries motor information down the lateral and anterior columns of the spinal cord
  • lateral corticospinal tract: fibers decussate at the medulla
  • anterior corticospinal tract: fibers remain uncrossed until lower in the spinal cord
29
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Deep median groove that separates left and right hemisphere of brain

30
Q

Sulci (sulcus)

A

Shallow grooves

Central and lateral sulcus

31
Q

Gyri (gurus)

A

Thick fold of the brain

32
Q

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

A

Vesicles of the brain

33
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland (epithalamus)

34
Q

Meninges of the brain

A

Dura mater
-periosteal layer (part of the periosteal of bone of the skull)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

35
Q

White matter in the Brain

A

Bundles of axons
Forms inner layer deep to cortical gray matter
Tracts-connect brain regions

36
Q

Gray matter in the brain

A

Seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.
Forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum
Forms nuclei deep within the brain

37
Q

Ventricle

A

Fluid filled chamber of the brain
4 internal chambers of the brain
-2 lateral- one in each cerebral hemisphere
-3rd ventricle- single narrow medical space beneath corpus callosum
-4th ventricle- small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum

38
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle
Ependymal cells are neuralgia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus

39
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid circulation

A
  1. CSF formed
  2. Lateral ventricle
  3. Intraventricular foramen
  4. Third ventricle
  5. Cerebral aqueduct
  6. Fourth ventricle
  7. Lateral median apetures
  8. Subarachnoid space
  9. Arachnoid granulation
  10. Dural sinuses
  11. Blood
  12. Filtered through choroid plexus
    Repeat.
40
Q

Production of cerebral spinal fluid

A

Production begins with the filtration of blood plasma through the capillaries of the brain.
-ependymal cells modify the filtrate, so CSF has more sodium and chloride than plasma, but less potassium, calcium, glucose, and very little protein.
100-160 mL normally present at 1 time

41
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Helps brain to be buoyant, provides protection, and helps with chemical stability

42
Q

Insula

A

Mass of cortex deep below lateral sulcus
Plays a role in sensations like taste, pain, visceral sensation, consciousness, emotional responses, empathy, and cardiovascular homeostasis

43
Q

Reticular formation

A

Network of nerve pathways up and down the brain stem
-gray matter goes all around the brain
Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain, sleep, consciousness, and habituation.

44
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Masses of gray matter deep in the cerebrum
Intentional movement, repetitive movement, and practiced behaviors
Secretes dopamine to stimulate/inhibit motor pathways

45
Q

limbic System

A

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, frontalis/temporal lobe, and thalamus.
Emotion, learning, and memory

46
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory
Smell
Sensory

47
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic
Vision
Sensory

48
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor
Eyeball
Motor

49
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Trochlear
Eyeball movement only
Motor

50
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal
Mixed
Sensory-eye, face, scalp, mouth
Motor-chewing

51
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens
Eyeball movement only
Motor

52
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

Facial
Mixed
Sensory-taste
Motor-facial expressions, swallowing, salivary glands, and tears

53
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulacochlear
Mixed
Sensory-cochlear-hearing
Motor-vestibula-balance

54
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal
Mixed
Sensory-taste
Motor-swallowing and salivary glands

55
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Vagus
Mixed-vm-EVERYTHING
Sensory-esophagus and ear
Motor- speech and swallowing

56
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Accessory
Motor
Speech, swallowing, neck and shoulder muscle

57
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor
Tongue, speech, chewing, and swallowing

58
Q

Sensation

A
  • primary sensory cortex
    • sensory input received
  • association areas
    • sensory input received
  • special senses
    • limited to head
    • vision, hearing, equillibrium, taste, and smell
  • general senses
    • around the body
    • touch, pressure, temperature
59
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemicals

60
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

61
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A 
Mechanical stress
(Sense of touch and BP)
62
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

Sight

63
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Pain

64
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Space

Learning, standing

65
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

-unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation
-reflex arc
1. Receptors-nerve endings that detect stretch, tissue damage, blood chemicals, body temp, and other internal stimuli
2. Afferent neurons- leading to CNS
3. Inter neurons- in CNS- integrator
4. Efferent neurons- carry motor signals away from CNS
Slower
Regulate heart rate, bl, air flow, temp, digestion, urination, and defecation.

66
Q

Sympathetic

A

Stress/excitatory inducing (fight or flight)
Short preganglion
Long postganglion
3 routes:
-spinal nerve>ganglia>spinal nerve>effector
-sympathetic nerve>ganglia>sympathetic nerve>effector
-splanchnic>separate ganglion>effector

67
Q

Parasympathetic

A 
Relaxing effect on the body
Long preganglionic fiber
Short postganglionic fiber
Normal/digesting branch
Close to organ it’s traveling to 
Secretes ACh
68
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A 
Cholinergic fiber
Muscarthic receptor
  -mostly excitatory can be inhibitory
Nicotinic receptor
  -always excitatory
-all preganglion neurons secrete ACh
-parasympathetic postganglions secrete ACh
69
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A 
Adrenergic fiber
Alpha-adrenergic receptor
  -Ca+/CAMP as 2nd messenger
  -most are excitatory
Beta-adrenergic receptor
  -CAMP as 2nd messenger
  -most are inhibitory

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions