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Unit 302 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of muscles?

A

Movement
Stabilisation
Heat

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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3
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like? And is it involuntary or voluntary?

A

Striped, dense, uniform, has many nucleus, and very long cylindrical cells.
Voluntary

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4
Q

What is the connective tissue called which links together the muscle fibres?

A

Endomysium.

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5
Q

What is the connective tissue called which surrounds the muscle fibres and endomysium?

A

Perimysium (Fascicles)

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6
Q

What is the muscle sheath called which surrounds the fascicles?

A

Epimysium.

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7
Q

Where is smooth muscle found and is it voluntary or involuntary?

A 
Bowel
Blood vessel walls
Bladder
Uterus walls
Within the respiratory tract 
Involuntary
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8
Q

Describe the appearance of smooth muscle

A

It is not as stripy - not as much connective tissue. It is less uniform and spindle shaped.

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9
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found and describe it’s appearance.

A

In the heart.

Cylindrical cells bound together by connective tissue. They are branched and link to other cardiac muscle cells.

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10
Q

What are the thin filaments called found in muscle fibre?

A

Actin

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11
Q

What are the thick filaments called found in muscle fibres?

A

Myosin

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12
Q

What is ATP and what does it break down to?

A

Energy and when it is used up, it breaks down to 2 ADP and 1 phosphate.

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13
Q

Describe the process of muscle contraction

A

Myosin heads use ATP energy to “walk’” along actin fibres when muscle contracts (Gets shorter). In the relaxed muscle the bind sites are blocked by tropomyosin. Calcium binds to the binding site on the actin which opens it. ATP attaches to the myosin head and this breaks down straight away to ADP and phosphate. The myosin head can then walk along the actin. ADP and phosphate hops off to allow ATP back on so process can restart.

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14
Q

Define: origin

A

The starting point of the muscle.

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15
Q

Define: Insertion

A

The site of attachment to the bone that the muscle moves.

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16
Q

Define: muscle sheath

A

Connective tissue surrounding each muscle.

17
Q

Define: tendon

A

Dense connective tissue connecting muscle to bone.

18
Q

Define: ligament

A

Dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone.

19
Q

Define: aponeurosis

A

Fibrous sheet forming the tendinous attachment for flat sheets of muscle.

20
Q

Define: bursa

A

A cavity lined with synovial membrane and filed with synovial fluid. It minimises friction between two structures as they move.

21
Q

Define: sesamoid bones

A

Small bones within a tendon to ease the passage over a joint. E.g patella.

22
Q

Define: intrinsic muscles

A

Muscles that lie within one region and alter the position of that region alone. E.g closing an eye.

23
Q

Define: extrinsic muscles

A

Muscles that run from one region to another, altering the position of a region in relation to another. E.g turning the head on the neck.

24
Q

Define: belly

A

The thick, fleshy central part of the muscle.

25
Q

How do antagonistic pairs work? Give and example and explain.

A

They work against each other. When one is contracting the other is relaxing. E.g the triceps and the biceps - the elbow extends when the triceps contracts and the biceps relax. When flexing the elbow, the biceps contract and the triceps relax.

26
Q

Where are the epaxial muscles?

A

Above the vertebral column

27
Q

Where are the hypaxial muscles?

A

Below the vertebral column

28
Q

Where are intercostal muscles?

A

In between the ribs

29
Q

Where is the muscle of the thorax which is the main muscle for inspiration?

A

The diaphragm.

30
Q

The muscular part of the diagram can be divided into three parts. Name these parts.

A

Lumbar diaphragm
Costal diaphragm (Caudal ribs)
Sternal diaphragm

31
Q

What are the three openings in the diaphragm that allow for the passing of major blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves?

A

The aortic hiatus
The oesophageal hiatus
The caval foremen

32
Q

Name the 5 categories of the muscles of the head

A
  1. Facial expression
  2. Mastication (chewing)
  3. Eye
  4. Tongue, pharynx, larynx and soft palate
    5, extrinsic muscles of the head
33
Q

What is the jaw opening muscle called?

A

Digastricus

34
Q

What are 3 jaw closing muscles?

A

Masseter
Temporalis/temporal
Medial and lateral pterygoids

35
Q

Which jaw closing muscles is larger in carnivores and why?

A

The temporalis to pull the lower jaw up with great speed and power.

36
Q

Which jaw closing muscles is larger in herbivores and why?

A

The pterygoid and masseter to allow side to side movement of the jaw for grinding plant matter.

Unit 302 (3 decks)

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