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Biology Revision Year 2 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

describe antagonistic pairs

A

muscles are in antagonistic pairs in an incompressable skeleton, thet can only pull - in order for a limb to move in both directions there are 2 muscles

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2
Q

what is a ligament?

A

attaches bone to bone

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3
Q

what is a tendon?

A

attaches bones to muscles

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4
Q

what does antagonist describe?

A

relaxing

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5
Q

what does agonist describe?

A

contracting

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6
Q

what are the 5 features of skeletal muscle?

A

lots of mitochondria, long cells called muscle fibres, multitnucleate, contain myofibrils, contain myofilaments (actin and myosin)

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7
Q

what region is the sarcomere?

A

between the z lines

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8
Q

what is the A band?

A

all myosin

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9
Q

what is the I band

A

actin only

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10
Q

what is the H zone?

A

non overlapped myosin

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11
Q

describe actin

A

thin and light

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12
Q

decribe myosin

A

dark and thick

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13
Q

in a relaxed muscle what prevents an actinomyosin bridge forming?

A

tropomyosin

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14
Q

what is the role of Ca2+ in muscle contraction?

A

Ca2+ causes tropomyosin to move out of binding site, allowing actinomyosin bridge to form. Also actrivates ATP ase for the hydrolysis of ATP

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15
Q

what is the role of ATP in contracting muscles?

A

changes the shape of the myosin heads, continues as long as binding site is open, detaches the myosin head and returns to starting position. ATP also needed to reabsorb calcium ions.

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16
Q

when a sarcomere contracts…

A

the H, I and sarcomere get smaller. The A band stays the sAme

17
Q

describe the phosphocreatine reaction.

A

PCr + ADP —> ATP + Cr - this reaction is short and quick, reserves used up quickly, anaerobic and alactic
the enzyme creatine kinase removes the phosphate from the PCr, allowing phosphorylation to take place

18
Q

describe anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis - 2 ATP made, pyruvate —–> lactate - causes muscle fatigue

19
Q

describe aerobic respiration

A

lots of ATP made by oxidative phosphorylation, slow, no harmful waste

20
Q

describe fast twitch muscles

A

contract/relax quickly, high force of contraction, fatigue quickly, anaerobic respiration, few… mitochondria, blood vessels, myoglobin ….. So appear white/ pale

21
Q

describe slow twitch muscles

A

contract/relax slowly, low force of contraction, resistant to fatigue, respire aerobically, lots of……mitochondria, blood vessels, myoglobin…so appear red/pink

Biology Revision Year 2 (13 decks)

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